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Table 2 Fatty acid distribution in plasma lipids (PL) at baseline and after a 12 wk intake of the capsulesa,b

From: Incorporation of n-3 PUFA and γ-linolenic acid in blood lipids and red blood cell lipids together with their influence on disease activity in patients with chronic inflammatory arthritis - a randomized controlled human intervention trial

PL (% FAME)

wks

n-3 LC-PUFA

(group 1)

GLA

(group 2)

n-3 LC-PUFA + GLA

(group 3)

Control (olive oil)

(group 4)

C16:0

0

22.0 ± 1.71

22.2 ± 1.43

22.6 ± 2.08

21.9 ± 1.65

 

12

22.2 ± 1.64

22.9 ± 1.65*

22.9 ± 2.30

22.8 ± 2.21

C16:1

0

2.42 ± 0.82

2.02 ± 0.25

2.30 ± 0.77

2.29 ± 0.65

 

12

2.35 ± 0.71

1.99 ± 0.33

2.08 ± 0.72

2.25 ± 0.59

C18:0

0

6.51 ± 0.60

6.38 ± 0.25

6.78 ± 0.78

6.48 ± 0.76

 

12

6.62 ± 0.86

6.45 ± 0.55

7.19 ± 0.79

6.60 ± 0.59

C18:1 n9

0

20.1 ± 1.68

19.5 ± 1.87

19.1 ± 2.33

18.8 ± 2.60

 

12

18.1 ± 2.20**

18.2 ± 1.61

18.7 ± 1.94

19.4 ± 1.57

C18:2 n-6

0

28.2 ± 3.23

28.7 ± 3.08

26.7 ± 4.56

29.5 ± 3.93

(LA)

12

26.6 ± 3.69

26.3 ± 2.41**

25.9 ± 3.51

29.4 ± 3.54

C18:3 n-6

0

0.36 ± 0.11

0.52 ± 0.43

0.44 ± 0.28

0.33 ± 0.13

(GLA)

12

0.39 ± 0.32

1.26 ± 0.20**

0.72 ± 0.28**

0.29 ± 0.09

C18:3 n-3

0

0.65 ± 0.44

0.81 ± 0.37

0.48 ± 0.18

0.59 ± 0.34

(ALA)

12

0.42 ± 0.15

0.43 ± 0.16*

0.45 ± 0.17

0.56 ± 0.25

C20:3 n-6

0

0.25 ± 0.25

0.16 ± 0.10

0.27 ± 0.29

0.23 ± 0.31

(DGLA)

12

0.56 ± 0.98

0.88 ± 1.51

0.36 ± 0.39

0.41 ± 0.44

C20:4 n-6

0

5.18 ± 1.21

5.83 ± 1.51

6.06 ± 1.67

4.94 ± 1.14

(AA)

12

5.35 ± 1.22

7.45 ± 1.63*

6.15 ± 1.63

4.96 ± 1.25

C20:5 n-3

0

1.16 ± 0.86

1.05 ± 0.50

1.56 ± 1.35

1.02 ± 0.85

(EPA)

12

2.91 ± 1.59***

0.73 ± 0.49*

1.78 ± 1.48

0.71 ± 0.41

C22:5 n-3

0

0.39 ± 0.10

0.41 ± 0.10

0.43 ± 0.11

0.38 ± 0.09

(DPA)

12

0.57 ± 0.14***

0.36 ± 0.11**

0.47 ± 0.18

0.31 ± 0.09*

C22:6 n-3

0

1.59 ± 0.56

1.50 ± 0.68

2.06 ± 0.91

1.64 ± 0.68

(DHA)

12

2.25 ± 0.69**

1.43 ± 0.72

1.92 ± 0.93

1.39 ± 0.63

AA/EPA

0

6.49 ± 3.71

8.24 ± 8.02

8.06 ± 8.31

7.76 ± 5.28

 

12

2.72 ± 2.12***

17.6 ± 19.36

7.32 ± 6.55

9.23 ± 5.91

n-3 LC-PUFA

0

3.14 ± 1.37

2.95 ± 1.14

4.04 ± 2.24

3.04 ± 1.58

 

12

5.73 ± 2.35***

2.52 ± 1.15*

4.17 ± 2.46

2.42 ± 1.07*

n-3 PUFA

0

3.82 ± 1.35

3.80 ± 1.05

4.55 ± 2.35

3.67 ± 1.89

 

12

6.17 ± 2.41**

2.97 ± 1.36**

4.64 ± 2.57

2.99 ± 1.25

n-6 PUFA

0

34.9 ± 2.97

36.6 ± 1.74

34.5 ± 4.02

36.0 ± 3.93

 

12

33.5 ± 3.74

37.6 ± 2.21*

34.6 ± 2.88

35.9 ± 3.62

n-6/n-3

0

10.5 ± 4.51

10.4 ± 3.57

9.70 ± 4.97

11.6 ± 4.61

 

12

6.39 ± 2.97**

15.1 ± 6.72*

10.7 ± 7.65

13.7 ± 4.99*

SFA

0

32.4 ± 1.67

32.1 ± 0.91

33.1 ± 2.32

32.7 ± 2.62

 

12

33.3 ± 2.12

33.1 ± 1.39*

33.7 ± 2.31

33.4 ± 3.22

MUFA

0

25.6 ± 2.16

24.5 ± 1.92

24.5 ± 2.95

24.2 ± 3.05

 

12

23.5 ± 2.56**

23.1 ± 1.63*

23.8 ± 2.25

24.6 ± 1.86

PUFA

0

39.2 ± 3.62

40.8 ± 2.11

39.5 ± 4.54

40.1 ± 4.41

 

12

40.2 ± 3.51

41.1 ± 2.58

39.6 ± 3.29

39.3 ± 3.92

CLA

0

0.34 ± 0.08

0.34 ± 0.08

0.31 ± 0.06

0.34 ± 0.08

 

12

0.42 ± 0.28

0.35 ± 0.19

0.27 ± 0.05

0.30 ± 0.08

  1. a Fatty acids were separated gas chromatographically as corresponding fatty acid methyl esters (FAME).
  2. b Data are expressed as mean ± SD of % total FAME.
  3. * Significantly different compared to the start value (p ≤ 0.05); ** (p ≤ 0.01); *** (p ≤ 0.001).
  4. LA linoleic acid, GLA γ-linolenic acid, ALA α-linolenic acid, DGLA dihomo-γ-linolenic acid, AA arachidonic acid, EPA eicosapentaenoic acid, DPA docosapentaenoic acid, DHA docosahexaenoic acid, SFA saturated fatty acids, MUFA monounsaturated fatty acids, PUFA polyunsaturated fatty acids, CLA conjugated fatty acids.