Skip to main content

Table 3 Fatty acid distribution in cholesteryl esters (CE) at baseline and after a 12 wk intake of the cap-sulesa,b

From: Incorporation of n-3 PUFA and γ-linolenic acid in blood lipids and red blood cell lipids together with their influence on disease activity in patients with chronic inflammatory arthritis - a randomized controlled human intervention trial

CE (% FAME)

wks

n-3 LC-PUFA

(group 1)

GLA

(group 2)

n-3 LC-PUFA + GLA

(group 3)

Control

(olive oil)

(group 4)

C16:0

0

11.2 ± 2.57

10.9 ± 1.22

11.1 ± 1.38

10.7 ± 1.26

 

12

11.3 ± 2.83

11.6 ± 0.99

12.7 ± 2.01**

10.3 ± 1.90

C16:1

0

3.21 ± 1.69

3.55 ± 2.66

3.06 ± 1.58

3.09 ± 1.21

 

12

3.48 ± 1.52

3.56 ± 2.47

2.92 ± 1.16

3.09 ± 1.25

C18:0

0

0.80 ± 0.46

0.75 ± 0.35

1.05 ± 1.54

0.70 ± 0.18

 

12

0.64 ± 0.15

0.57 ± 0.15

0.70 ± 0.15

0.86 ± 0.89

C18:1 n9

0

19.0 ± 2.65

19.1 ± 2.84

18.4 ± 2.28

18.5 ± 3.22

 

12

18.9 ± 2.53

18.4 ± 1.99

19.0 ± 2.12

18.3 ± 2.38

C18:2 n-6

0

50.9 ± 6.28

50.0 ± 6.56

49.7 ± 6.51

52.0 ± 4.80

(LA)

12

49.9 ± 5.39

47.6 ± 5.12*

49.5 ± 5.13

54.1 ± 4.41

C18:3 n-6

0

0.71 ± 0.26

0.58 ± 0.26

0.71 ± 0.49

0.59 ± 0.27

(GLA)

12

0.51 ± 0.25**

2.66 ± 0.60***

1.26 ± 0.51*

0.55 ± 0.25

C18:3 n-3

0

0.69 ± 0.44

0.70 ± 0.38

0.43 ± 0.16

0.57 ± 0.26

(ALA)

12

0.37 ± 0.13*

0.46 ± 0.18

0.39 ± 0.13

0.53 ± 0.17

C20:3 n-6

0

0.55 ± 0.13

0.54 ± 0.13

0.55 ± 0.21

0.54 ± 0.12

(DGLA)

12

0.49 ± 0.15

1.22 ± 0.31***

0.82 ± 0.15**

0.54 ± 0.08

C20:4 n-6

0

4.35 ± 1.34

4.36 ± 3.29

5.09 ± 2.36

3.77 ± 1.11

(AA)

12

4.24 ± 1.57

5.95 ± 1.98*

4.56 ± 1.86

3.92 ± 1.09

C20:5 n-3

0

0.63 ± 0.44

0.56 ± 0.55

0.98 ± 0.90

0.86 ± 1.03

(EPA)

12

1.95 ± 1.96*

0.45 ± 0.35

0.94 ± 0.85

0.51 ± 0.42

C22:5 n-3

0

0.02 ± 0.01

0.02 ± 0.01

0.02 ± 0.02

0.02 ± 0.01

(DPA)

12

0.03 ± 0.01

0.02 ± 0.01

0.02 ± 0.01

0.02 ± 0.01

C22:6 n-3

0

0.29 ± 0.17

0.24 ± 0.16

0.36 ± 0.19

0.30 ± 0.21

(DHA)

12

0.36 ± 0.25

0.23 ± 0.16

0.25 ± 0.15

0.27 ± 0.23

AA/EPA

0

9.61 ± 5.57

45.8 ± 90.9

22.7 ± 43.7

10.5 ± 9.13

 

12

9.13 ± 16.0

23.1 ± 20.2

19.1 ± 36.1

13.4 ± 11.3

n-3 LC-PUFA

0

0.94 ± 0.59

0.83 ± 0.67

1.37 ± 1.09

1.18 ± 1.23

 

12

2.34 ± 2.20*

0.70 ± 0.49

1.21 ± 0.98

0.79 ± 0.65

n-3 PUFA

0

1.65 ± 0.71

1.54 ± 0.89

1.81 ± 1.22

1.77 ± 1.43

 

12

2.73 ± 2.31

1.17 ± 0.65

1.62 ± 1.06

1.33 ± 0.76

n-6 PUFA

0

56.7 ± 6.02

55.7 ± 7.55

56.1 ± 4.55

57.0 ± 4.87

 

12

55.3 ± 5.38

57.5 ± 5.78

56.3 ± 4.70

59.2 ± 4.19

n-6/n-3

0

41.2 ± 18.4

49.2 ± 34.2

57.0 ± 67.2

50.7 ± 36.4

 

12

45.9 ± 54.9

62.0 ± 30.0

65.2 ± 78.0

56.9 ± 29.1

SFA

0

14.3 ± 3.30

14.2 ± 1.65

14.8 ± 2.88

14.2 ± 2.38

 

12

13.4 ± 4.51

14.4 ± 1.23

15.5 ± 2.49

13.4 ± 2.56

MUFA

0

24.1 ± 4.12

24.6 ± 5.34

23.4 ± 3.60

23.7 ± 4.07

 

12

24.4 ± 3.92

23.8 ± 4.56

24.0 ± 2.90

23.3 ± 3.37

PUFA

0

58.5 ± 6.34

57.5 ± 7.88

58.2 ± 4.68

59.0 ± 5.55

 

12

58.2 ± 4.84

58.8 ± 6.01

58.1 ± 4.46

60.7 ± 4.37

CLA

0

0.19 ± 0.11

0.23 ± 0.13

0.19 ± 0.06

0.22 ± 0.09

 

12

0.20 ± 0.11

0.14 ± 0.05

0.17 ± 0.07

0.18 ± 0.07

  1. a Fatty acids were separated gas chromatographically as corresponding fatty acid methyl esters (FAME).
  2. b Data are expressed as mean ± SD of % total FAME.
  3. * Significantly different compared to the start value (p ≤ 0.05); ** (p ≤ 0.01); *** (p ≤ 0.001).
  4. LA linoleic acid, GLA γ-linolenic acid, ALA α-linolenic acid, DGLA dihomo-γ-linolenic acid, AA arachidonic acid, EPA eicosapentaenoic acid, DPA docosapentaenoic acid, DHA docosahexaenoic acid, SFA saturated fatty acids, MUFA monounsaturated fatty acids, PUFA polyunsaturated fatty acids, CLA conjugated fatty acids.