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Table 5 Dietary intake at baseline and after 12 wks dietary interventiona

From: Incorporation of n-3 PUFA and γ-linolenic acid in blood lipids and red blood cell lipids together with their influence on disease activity in patients with chronic inflammatory arthritis - a randomized controlled human intervention trial

Nutrients

(51 ≤ 65 y)

D-A-C-H

wks

n-3 LC-PUFA

(group 1)

GLA

(group 2)

n-3 LC-PUFA + GLA

(group 3)

Control (olive oil)

(group 4)

Energy

8500 (f)

0

7823 ± 2064

8893 ± 2821

9021 ± 3165

8317 ± 2038

(KJ)

10500 (m)

12

7246 ± 1644

7724 ± 3130

7937 ± 2645

7506 ± 2569

Carbohydrates

225 (f)

0

217.6 ± 80.5

256.5 ± 80.6

251 ± 80.1

182.9 ± 82.2

g/d

288 (m)

12

178.3 ± 52.5

206.5 ± 102.8*

205 ± 49.3

206.9 ± 74.0

Protein

46 (f)

0

78.5 ± 23.1

79.4 ± 25.0

92.1 ± 28.3

119.4 ± 88.7

g/d

58 (m)

12

100.1 ± 93.4

75.9 ± 31.1

83.1 ± 46.5

69.5 ± 23.0

Fat

60 (f)

0

68.0 ± 19.4

76.4 ± 42.8

77.5 ± 37.3

78.3 ± 28.5

g/d

77 (m)

12

63.7 ± 21.7

67.7 ± 36.2

71.5 ± 31.1

68.6 ± 28.9

Dietary fiber

25

0

27.2 ± 8.86

28.5 ± 9.90

35.1 ± 13.1

19.9 ± 6.70

g/d

 

12

23.2 ± 9.14

23.6 ± 15.9

27 ± 8.63*

23.6 ± 11.3

Alcohol

 

0

6.42 ± 10.2

8.96 ± 11.0

7.7 ± 6.67

7.85 ± 8.50

g/d

 

12

4.28 ± 3.50

11.5 ± 13.9

10.5 ± 12.7

6.49 ± 5.61

SFA

< 20

0

25.0 ± 8.51

27.1 ± 13.3

26.1 ± 14.1

26.3 ± 10.2

g/d

< 26

12

25.0 ± 11.0

26.0 ± 13.1

23.4 ± 8.94

24.8 ± 7.98

MUFA

< 20

0

24.0 ± 7.96

25.2 ± 16.8

27.4 ± 14.8

28.1 ± 11.5

g/d

< 26

12

21.5 ± 7.67

25.0 ± 13.7

26.8 ± 11.4

24.4 ± 12.5

PUFA

14 - 20

0

11.2 ± 3.63

12.8 ± 6.30

13.1 ± 6.03

11.8 ± 5.54

g/d

18 - 26

12

10.4 ± 5.61

10.7 ± 7.51

12 ± 5.14

11.1 ± 7.67

Ca

1000

0

999 ± 328

896 ± 401

999 ± 359

879 ± 380

mg/d

 

12

1028 ± 269

888 ± 399

841 ± 382

1008 ± 417

Intake of fish an fish products

no intake

(%)

  

23

25

15

30

1 - 2 portions/wk (%)

  

36

42

35

40

> 2 portions/wk (%)

  

41

33

50

30

Intake of n-3 LC-PUFA

  

0.57 ± 0.75

0.37 ± 0.41

0.64 ± 1.00

0.26 ± 0.36

  1. a Data are expressed as mean ± SD.
  2. * Significantly different compared to the start value (p ≤ 0.05).
  3. SFA saturated fatty acids, MUFA monounsaturated fatty acids, PUFA polyunsaturated fatty acids.