Figure 4

Anthocyanin increases fatty acid oxidation in HepG2 cells. (A) Fatty acid oxidation rate was determined by cotreatment with various concentrations of Cy-3-g in the presence of [¹⁴C]palmitate. Results are expressed as fold of control from at least three independent experiments. (B) Fatty acid synthesis was measured as incorporation of ¹⁴C-acetate into fatty acids in HepG2 cells during a 6-h treatment with increasing concentrations of Cy-3-g or AICAR, respectively. Results are given as percent inhibition of fatty acid synthesis relative to the control and are means ± SE from triplicate analysis. (C) Dose-dependent inhibition of FAS mRNA expression by Cy-3-g. The results are expressed as percent of control from experiments run in triplicate of three independent experiments. (D) Intracellular TG contents were measured in cell lysates by spectrophotometic methods. Results are means ± SE from triplicate measurements. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01 compared with control. (E) HepG2 cells pre-incubated with vehicle or etomoxir (50 mM) for 1 h were treated with either vehicle (control) or Cy-3-g (100 μM). Then, Intracellular triglyceride contents were determined. *P < 0.05 between Cy-3-g and Cy-3-g plus etomoxir. (F) The cellular cytotoxity assays run in HepG2 cells using MTS reagents comparing a known cytotoxin-staurosporine and Cy-3-g. Data are from a minimum of 4 experiments run in triplicate and is demonstrated as means ± SE.