Fat content, energy value and fatty acid profile of donkey milk during lactation and implications for human nutrition

Martemucci, Giovanni; D’Alessandro, Angela Gabriella

doi:10.1186/1476-511X-11-113

Lipids in Health and Disease

Table 4 Saturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated fatty acid profile (% of fatty acids) and desaturase index during the lactation period (210days)

From: Fat content, energy value and fatty acid profile of donkey milk during lactation and implications for human nutrition

	LACTATION STAGE										Effect of Lactation stage¹
		15 d	30 d	45 d	60 d	90 d	120 d	150 d	180 d	210 d
Saturated Fatty Acids (SFA)
Butyric Acid	C _4:0	0.51	0.61	0.28	0.51	0.4	0.57	0.59	0.15	0.23	*
Caproic Acid	C _6:0	0.52	0.72	0.58	0.72	0.71	0.64	0.61	0.37	0.59	*
Heptanoic Acid	C _7:0	0.02	0.01	0.02	0.01	0.01	0.03	0.02	0.01	0.03	ns
Caprylic Acid	C _8:0	5.30	6.76	6.13	6.87	6.07	4.57	4.39	3.79	4.73	*
Nonanoic Acid	C _9:0	0.04	0.03	0.03	0.03	0.03	0.03	0.03	0.04	0.03	ns
Capric acid	C _10:0	12.01	13.46	11.75	11.93	9.82	7.62	7.19	5.82	6.66	**
Undecanoic acid	C _11:0	0.03	0.03	0.02	0.02	0.02	0.02	0.02	0.02	0.01	ns
Lauric acid	C _12:0	10.82	10.87	9.47	9.27	7.55	6.42	5.84	4.44	5.32	**
Tridecanoic acid	C _13:0	0.04	0.05	0.06	0.06	0.05	0.04	0.03	0.03	0.04	ns
Myristic Acid	C _14:0	8.66	7.80	7.20	6.82	5.79	5.60	5.08	3.91	4.95	**
Pentadecanoic Acid	C _15:0	0.22	0.23	0.23	0.23	0.24	0.23	0.23	0.20	0.22	ns
Palmitic Acid	C _16:0	22.37	18.33	19.56	19.06	18.53	19.61	20.83	19.82	19.47	*
Margaric acid	C _17:0	0.22	0.22	0.24	0.24	0.26	0.26	0.24	0.22	0.22	ns
Stearic Acid	C _18:0	1.88	1.48	1.64	1.99	1.68	1.75	1.52	1.49	1.44	ns
Arachidic Acid	C _20:0	0.10	0.09	0.08	0.09	0.09	0.10	0.08	0.09	0.07	ns
Heneicosanoic Acid	C _21:0	0.03	0.04	0.02	0.04	0.03	0.02	0.02	0.03	0.02	ns
Behenic Acid	C _22:0	0.04	0.10	0.15	0.06	0.07	0.19	0.15	0.05	0.04	ns
Lignoceric Acid	C _24:0	0.06	0.11	0.07	0.08	0.09	0.09	0.06	0.08	0.06	ns
Monounsaturated Fatty Acids (MUFA)
Decenoic Acid	C _10:1	1.38	1.64	1.25	1.36	1.08	0.91	0.84	0.76	1.20	*
Dodecenoic Acid	C _12:1	0.17	0.18	0.14	0.15	0.11	0.11	0.10	0.08	0.13	ns
Tridecenoic acid	C _13:1	0.04	0.04	0.04	0.04	0.04	0.04	0.03	0.09	0.05	ns
Myristoleic Acid	C _14:1	0.38	0.34	0.29	0.26	0.21	0.26	0.25	0.21	0.32	*
Pentadecenoic acid	C _15:1	0.07	0.08	0.08	0.06	0.07	0.07	0.06	0.06	0.08	ns
Palmitoleic Acid	C _16:1	3.02	2.79	2.98	2.36	2.28	3.22	4.23	4.48	5.67	*
Heptadecenoic Acid	C _17:1	0.30	0.29	0.33	0.33	0.31	0.34	0.38	0.31	0.40	ns
Oleic Acid	C _{18:1 n-9}	17.55	16.65	18.62	19.36	21.29	23.74	25.05	27.57	23.73	**
Gadoleic Acid	C _{20:1 n-9}	0.25	0.31	0.37	0.42	0.45	0.49	0.38	0.39	0.34	ns
Erucic Acid	C _{22:1 n-9}	0.40	0.31	0.64	0.44	0.75	0.81	0.59	0.46	0.37	ns
Nervonic Acid	C _24:1	0.01	0.02	0.03	0.01	0.02	0.01	0.01	0.05	0.02	ns
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFA)
Linoleic Acid	C _{18:2 n-6}	8.83	9.76	10.76	11.20	15.15	14.64	12.93	17.20	11.03	**
Linolenic Acid	C _{18:3 n-3}	3.85	5.71	5.63	4.81	5.20	5.99	6.96	6.36	11.17	**
Stearidonic Acid	C _{18:4 n-3}	0.01	0.02	0.02	0.02	0.02	0.03	0.03	0.03	0.03	ns
Eicosadienoic Acid	C _{20:2 n-6}	0.22	0.20	0.30	0.29	0.36	0.34	0.23	0.24	0.19	ns
Eicosatrienoic Acid	C _{20:3 n-3}	0.03	0.03	0.03	0.03	0.04	0.03	0.03	0.04	0.03	ns
Arachidonic Acid	C _{20:4 n-6}	0.08	0.13	0.08	0.08	0.08	0.08	0.09	0.10	0.11	ns
Eicosatetraenoic Acid	C _{20:4 n-3}	0.10	0.10	0.14	0.14	0.13	0.13	0.16	0.14	0.24	ns
Eicosapentaenoic Acid	C _{20:5 n-3}	0.23	0.30	0.56	0.48	0.65	0.71	0.49	0.55	0.51	ns
Docosadienoic Acid	C _{22:2 n-6}	0.05	0.06	0.08	0.06	0.10	0.11	0.12	0.10	0.09	ns
Docosatrienoic Acid	C _{22:3 n-3}	0.00	0.01	0.00	0.02	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.01	ns
Docosatetraenoic Acid	C _{22:4 n-6}	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.04	0.07	0.09	0.03	0.05	0.03	ns
Docosapentaenoic Acid	C _{22:5 n-3}	0.04	0.03	0.07	0.03	0.03	0.04	0.04	0.13	0.05	ns
Docosahesaenoic Acid	C _{22:6 n-3}	0.04	0.01	0.03	0.02	0.02	0.02	0.02	0.03	0.02	ns
Δ9-desaturase ratios ^a
	*cis* -9 14:1	0.04	0.04	0.04	0.04	0.03	0.04	0.05	0.06	0.06	*
	*cis* -9 16:1	0.12	0.13	0.13	0.11	0.11	0.14	0.16	0.17	0.22	**
	*cis* -9 18:1	0.90	0.92	0.92	0.91	0.93	0.93	0.94	0.95	0.94	**

^a Ratio of the Δ9-desaturase product divided by the sum of Δ9-desaturase product and product as described in Materials and Methods.
¹ns (non-significant): P>0.05; * P<0.05; ** P<0.01.

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