Variation of chemical composition of essential oils in wild populations of Thymus algeriensis Boiss. et Reut., a North African endemic Species

Zouari, Nacim; Ayadi, Imen; Fakhfakh, Nahed; Rebai, Ahmed; Zouari, Sami

doi:10.1186/1476-511X-11-28

Lipids in Health and Disease

Table 2 Mean percentage of compounds (%) in essential oils of the 8 T. algeriensis populations during the vegetative (S1) and the flowering (S2) stages

From: Variation of chemical composition of essential oils in wild populations of Thymus algeriensis Boiss. et Reut., a North African endemic Species

			I. Aride^c						I. Semi-Aride^c		S. Semi-Aride^c								P1 Fisher test	P2 Friedman test	P3 Kruskal-Wallis test
No ^a	Compounds	RI ^b	1		2		3		4		5		6		7		8
			S1	S2	S1	S2	S1	S2	S1	S2	S1	S2	S1	S2	S1	S2	S1	S2
1	Tricyclene	924	0.27	0.26	0.19	0.21	0.17	0.31	0.33	0.11	0.48	0.24	0.47	0.40	0.31	0.34	0.34	0.2	**	0.464	**
2	α-Thujene	929	0.41	0.27	0.85	0.71	0.33	0.3	0.14	0.14	0.17	0.33	0.25	0.29	0.21	0.29	0.15	0.2	***	0.127	**
3	α-Pinene^d	936	10.49	9.68	7.41	9.80	8.97	5.60	6.58	0.98	9.18	13.25	11.74	10.34	13.44	6.38	13.94	12.4	***	0.170	**
4	Camphene	951	3.84	3.89	3.22	3.51	3.48	4.16	4.11	2.22	5.59	4.01	6.06	5.43	5.58	4.38	6.35	4.94	***	0.106	***
5	Verbenene	956	0.29	0.40	0.03	0.10	0.10	0.35	0.72	0.18	0.66	0.37	0.65	0.60	0.46	0.38	0.43	0.44	***	0.304	**
6	Sabinene^e	975	3.37	2.12	3.15	4.40	2.90	0.96	0.66	0.76	0.67	0.92	0.73	0.94	0.98	0.93	0.70	0.93	***	0.060†	***
7	β-Pinene	978	2.78	2.13	4.03	4.29	2.86	1.47	1.65	1.73	1.96	3.40	2.72	3.00	2.37	1.87	2.41	3.22	***	0.318	**
8	β-Myrcene	992	0.82	0.29	0.84	0.78	0.44		1.58	0.46	0.64	0.60	0.64	0.74	0.65	0.50	0.38	0.67	ns	0.429	ns
9	α-Phellandrene	1006	0.19	0.16	0.11	0.09	0.07	0.18	0.18		0.16	0.21	0.18	0.18	0.14	0.12	0.11	0.04	*	0.398	*
10	α-Terpinene	1018	1.13	1.18	1.65	0.89	1.52	3.48	0.44		0.45	0.27	0.50	0.51	0.47	2.24	0.32	0.23	***	0.095†	***
11	p-Cymene	1027	1.78	1.81	1.20	1.80	1.73	4.2	1.74	1.65	1.98	1.13	1.53	1.23	1.29	3.68	0.75	1.10	**	0.363	*
12	Limonene	1030		0.32	0.28	0.71	1.00	0.7					0.35		1.16	0.21	1.06	0.54	na	0.222	*
13	1,8-Cineole ^d	1035	10.91	15.79	7.55	8.73	9.00	10.87	18.02	13.82	14.44	14.73	17.90	18.46	22.07	12.45	20.48	15.36	***	0.230	***
14	trans-β-Ocimene	1049	1.55	0.57	0.87	0.08	0.86	0.21	0.35	0.16	0.26	0.94	0.70	0.39	0.83	0.31	0.15	0.30	ns	0.540	ns
15	γ-Terpinene	1060	1.81	1.98	3.15	1.68	2.65	5.42	1.00	0.10	0.82	0.53	0.88	0.85	0.81	3.63	0.53	0.56	***	0.230	***
16	*cis* -Sabinene hydrate ^{d, e}	1070	2.83	0.88	9.86	2.59	12.95	2.79	0.10	0.15	1.22	0.54	0.66	0.76	1.08	1.85	0.98	1.06	***	0.095†	***
17	cis-Linalool oxide	1074	0.30	0.37		0.05		0.31			0.25	0.12	0.26	0.28	0.17	0.28	0.20	0.09	***	0.152	**
18	Camphenilone	1086	0.15	0.08		0.08	0.05	0.32	0.31	0.40	0.52	0.44	0.35	0.38		0.31			***	0.078†	***
19	Terpinolene	1089	0.98	1.21	0.79	0.55	0.97	1.94	0.51		1.25	0.52	0.61	0.94	0.52	1.37	0.53	0.42	***	0.241	**
20	Linalool	1095	2.95	2.69	0.34	0.54	2.16		0.79	1.07	1.69	2.20	2.07	2.20	1.57	0.44	1.77	2.42	**	0.207	**
21	trans-Sabinene hydrate	1101	0.67		1.45	0.64	1.17	1.73								1.09			na	0.151	*
22	p-Menth-2-en-1-ol	1119	0.11	0.41	0.60	0.27	0.60	1.07	0.43	0.36			0.08		0.29	0.71		0.16	***	0.107	***
23	Campholenal	1122	1.41	1.02		0.40	0.70	0.88	1.31	0.71	2.76	1.35	1.82	1.91	1.41	1.03	1.44	1.66	***	0.065†	***
24	Nopinone	1135	0.15	0.21		0.29	0.13	0.25	0.50		0.48	0.14	0.33	0.32	0.30	0.24	0.29	0.15	ns	0.885	*
25	Pinocarveol	1138	0.67	0.97	0.30		1.14	1.54		1.48		0.31	0.69	0.46	2.13	0.95	2.42	1.96	**	0.152	**
26	Camphor ^d	1143	10.23	9.40	6.80	8.17	9.93	11.72	12.02	8.16	19.39	14.37	19.93	15.69	17.49	13.64	18.59	14.00	***	0.076†	***
27	p-Menth-4(8)-ene	1154	0.37	0.41		0.08	0.17	0.41	0.37		0.41		0.20			0.33			na	0.585	**
28	Pinocarvone	1159	0.87	0.55	0.13	0.28	0.59	0.43	0.82	0.81	1.44	0.89	1.17	1.09	0.91	0.53	1.18	1.16	***	0.076†	***
29	Borneol	1164	4.58	5.19	3.47	3.33	4.09	4.18	6.86	5.40	5.37	4.69	6.21	6.14	5.04	4.60	5.94	4.98	***	0.076†	**
30	4-Terpineol ^d	1177	4.36	4.57	5.30	3.32	8.34	11.86	2.87	1.78	2.94	1.79	2.70	2.38	2.36	8.56	1.55	1.63	***	0.146	***
31	p-Cymen-8-ol^e	1184	0.57	0.76	0.30	0.25	0.46	1.23	1.00	1.01	1.08	0.75	0.71	0.59	0.65	1.16	0.52	0.32	***	0.304	***
32	1-α-Terpineol	1189	1.40	1.39	1.90	1.43	1.46	1.29	1.42	1.92	1.01	1.32	1.07	1.35	1.02	1.26	0.92	1.21	***	0.112	**
33	Myrtenal^e	1193	1.56	1.60	0.20	0.98	1.81	1.46	2.40	1.62	3.16	1.79	2.62	2.30	2.08	1.58	2.69	2.42	***	0.072†	***
34	trans-Piperitol	1204				0.04		0.27								0.09			na	0.429	ns
35	Verbenone	1206	1.34	1.55	0.12	0.34	0.88	1.13	1.43	1.05	2.55	1.47	1.92	1.96	1.70	1.33	2.39	1.42	***	0.131	***
36	trans-Carveol	1216	0.58	0.73		0.21	0.33	0.47	1.43	1.22	1.36	0.80	0,86	0.91	0.74	0.65	0.81	0.85	***	0.064†	***
37	Thymyl methyl ether^e	1228	0.70	0.20	1.21	0.24	0.36	0.25	0.77							0.14			**	0.159	***
38	Cuminal	1236	0.03	0.12	0.38	0.11		0.17	0.16		0.13		0.03			0.16			**	0.776	ns
39	Carvone	1240	0.26	0.24	0.05	0.08	0.08	0.19	0.52	0.46	0.49	0.30	0.33	0.40	0.26	0.25	0.30	0.37	***	0.061†	***
40	Linalyl acetate^e	1253	0.68	0.67			0.19	0.25											na	0.051†	**
41	Bornyl acetate	1286	2.32	3.28	1.42	2.61	1.80	2.60	4.36	7.56	2.88	1.40	2.29	1.67	1.84	3.00	1.24	1.66	***	0.230	**
42	Cuminol^e	1295	0.07	0.32		0.05	0.13	0.20	0.14	0.40		0.05				0.21		0.05	na	0.092†	**
43	Thymol	1302			0.95	0.20		0.05								0.07			na	0.127	ns
44	Carvacrol^e	1312			2.55														na	0.423	***
45	p-Mentha-1,4-dien-7-ol^e	1332	0.22	0.47			0.15	0.37	0.13							0.27			na	0.099†	**
46	Terpenyl acetate ^{d, e}	1351							8.88	14.92	3.22	2.20	0.43	0.22	1.72	1.36			na	0.051†	***
47	Carvacryl acetate	1372			0.15														na	0.430	ns
48	α-Copaene	1378	0.14	0.09			0.22	0.07		0.08									na	0.110	**
49	β-Bourbonene	1388	0.01	0.01			0.08	0.07		0.08									na	0.134	***
50	β-Elemene	1393	0.06		0.22	0.26				0.08									na	0.162	**
51	α-Gurjunene^e	1412	0.64	0.38	1.37	1.97	0.24			0.24									na	0.099†	***
52	trans-Caryophyllene	1424	0.67	0.19	1.73	1.65	0.57	0.24	0.24	1.12	0.15	0.74	0.37	0.59	0.16	0.44	0.10	0.70	***	0.520	**
53	α-Humulene^e	1450			0.07	0.04													na	0.051†	**
54	Aromadendrene	1466	0.37	0.24	0.83	0.93	0.10			0.29	0.13	0.40	0.15	0.22	0.14	0.14	0.12	0.53	***	0.277	**
55	Germacrene D	1486	0.58	0.21	0.25	0.17	0.62	0.17	0.10	0.33		0.13		0.08		0.15			*	0.095†	*
56	Alloaromadendrene^e	1487	0.04	0.06	0.13	0.19													na	0.051†	**
57	Bicyclogermacrene	1493	1.03	0.54	0.93	1.24	0.16					0.94	0.11	0.25		0.16		0.48	***	0.240	**
58	Eremophilene	1500	0.15	0.12						0.18									na	0.155	*
59	γ-Cadinene^e	1511	1.83	1.25	2.44	2.58	0.98	0.55				0.19		0.07		0.38		0.13	***	0.070†	***
60	δ-Cadinene	1518	0.14	0.12	0.72	0.51	0.13		0.13	0.40	0.14	1.29	0.29	0.38	0.19	0.27		1.04	**	0.446	**
61	Elemol^e	1546	0.03	0.03	1.66		1.13	0.31	0.22	0.96	0.36		0.39	0.35		0.17			*	0.385	*
62	Palustrol^e	1567	0.05	0.25	0.19	0.32		0.05											na	0.070†	**
63	1,6-Germacradien-5-ol	1574			1.15							0.49						0.21	na	0.593	*
64	Spathulenol^e	1578	1.41	1.59	0.09	0.83	0.12	0.19	0.34	1.05	1.10	1.76	0.71	1.05	0.59	0.90	0.97	2.21	***	0.075†	***
65	Caryophyllene oxide^e	1583	1.80	1.56	1.05	2.66	1.90	1.62	3.90	5.55	2.96	2.30	3.32	3.87	1.72	2.19	2.72	4.42	***	0.131	***
66	Viridiflorol ^d	1593	3.62	4.24	5.69	11.49	2.16	3.25	0.88	0.55						2.57		0.17	***	0.068†	***
67	Ledol	1616	0.45	0.59	0.78	1.15	0.15	0.34	0.18	0.30	0.22	0.37	0.18	0.26	0.11	0.44	0.13	0.40	**	0.234	*
68	γ-Eudesmol	1630	0.2		0.32		0.12	0.12	0.50	0.24			0.09	0.17		0.06			na	0.233	ns
69	α-Cadinol	1639	2.1	1.57	3.58	3.4	1.43	0.67	0.10	0.44	0.46	1.40	0.38	0.52	0.18	0.83		1.07	***	0.124	***
70	β-Eudesmol	1652	0.86	0.76	2.22	0.86	1.06	0.80	0.79	2.08	0.92	2.67	1.13	0.97	0.32	1.30	0.62	2.65	*	0.760	ns
71	t-Muurolol	1660	1.67	1.39	0.04	1.13	0.62	0.70		2.23		0.28		0.56		0.67		0.30	**	0.157	**
Total identified (%)			97.72	95.33	98.09	96.29	89.51	96.72	94.41	88.99	97.50	91.57	99.76	94.65	97.46	95.84	97.19	93.43
Grouped components (%)
Monoterpene hydrocarbons			30.08	26.68	27.77	29.68	28.22	29.69	20.36	8.49	24.68	26.72	28.21	25.84	29.22	26.96	28.15	26.19
Oxygenated monoterpenes			45.92	49.02	42.08	32.01	46.97	54.21	51.85	41.42	59.28	47.47	61.03	56.88	60.97	53.16	62.18	51.12
Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons			5.66	3.21	8.69	9.54	3.10	1.10	0.47	2.8	0.42	3.69	0.92	1.59	0.49	1.54	0.22	2.88
Oxygenated sesquiterpenes			12.19	11.98	16.77	21.84	8.69	8.05	6.91	13.4	6.02	9.27	6.20	7.75	2.92	9.13	5.11	11.43
Others			3.87	4.44	2.78	3.22	2.53	3.67	14.82	22.88	7.10	4.42	3.40	2.59	3.86	5.05	1.53	1.81

^aThe numbering refers to elution order of compounds from a HP-5MS column and their percentages were obtained by FID peak-area normalization. The percentage for each population represents the average calculated on n individuals (3 <n < 5). ^bRI, retention indices calculated against C₈-C₂₅ n-alkanes mixture on the HP 5MS column. ^cFor the detailed description of the populations (1-8) locations, see Table 1 and Figure 1. ^dMajor compound in bold fond. ^eCompounds with a statistically significant variation among populations and phenological stages. P1: p-values using Fisher test (one-way analysis of variance) applied for normally distributed variables and considering only population effect. Fisher test was not applicable (na) for non-Normal distributed variables. P2: p-values using non-parametric Friedman test (two-way analysis of variance). P2 is a global p-value (population and phenological stage effect) is considered significant (†) at p ≤ 0.1. P3: p-values using non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test (one-way analysis of variance) considering only population effect. P1 or P3 are extremely significant (***) at p ≤ 0.001, highly significant (**) at 0.001 ≤ p ≤ 0.01, significant (*) at 0.01 ≤ p ≤ 0.05 and not significant (ns) at p > 0.05.

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ISSN: 1476-511X

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