Inhibition of nitric oxide and inflammatory cytokines in LPS-stimulated murine macrophages by resveratrol, a potent proteasome inhibitor

Table 2 Resveratrol, pterostilbene, morin hydrate, nicotinic acid, and quercetin inhibit expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and iNOS genes in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells ¹

NO	Treatments	RT-PCR data (*Ratios of optical density of gene expression of cytokines/β-actin).
NO	Treatments	TNF-α	IL-1β	IL-6	iNOS
1	Media + Cells = A	0.05	0.05	0.1	0.2
2	A + LPS (10 ng/well) = B	0.83	1.35	0.93	1.12
3	B + 0.2 % DMSO = C	0.80 ± 0.03^a (100)²	1.32 ± 0.03^a (100)²	0.96 ± 0.03^a (100)²	1.04 ± 0.02^a (100)²
4	C + Resveratrol (16.0 μM)	0.18 ± 0.02^e (23)	0.51 ± 0.03^e (39)	0.21 ± 0.0^e (22)	0.65 ± 0.02^c (63)
5	C + Pterostilbene (16.0 μM)	0.38 ± 0.03^d (48)	0.75 ± 0.03^d (57)	0.62 ± 0.03^c (65)	0.92 ± 0.03^b (88)
6	C + Morin hydrate (16.0 μM)	0.55 ± 0.03b (69)	0.92 ± 0.04c (70)	0.63 ± 0.02c (66)	0.53 ± 0.03d (51)
7	C + Nicotinic acid (16.0 μM)	0.76 ± 0.05^a (95)	1.12 ± 0.02^b (85)	0.75 ± 0.03^b (78)	0.66 ± 0.05^c (64)
8	C + Quercetin (16.0 μM)	0.45 ± 0.02^c (56)	0.22 ± 0.02^f (17)	0.25 ± 0.0^d (26)	0.37 ± 0.03^e (36)

¹RAW 264.7 cells were treated with resveratrol, pterostilbene, morin hydrate, nicotinic acid, or quercetin (16 μM) for 1 h, followed by treatment with LPS (10 ng/well) for 4 h. Total RNA was extracted, reverse transcribed, and the resulting DNA was amplified and analyzed by real time PCR to quantitate expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and iNOS genes [5, 21].
Cell viability was >95% in all treatments. Data are means ± SD, n = 3 (triplicate analysis of each sample).
²Percentages of *digital values of relative optical density of each cytokine/β-actin of each treatment are in parenthesis. ^a-fValues in a column not sharing a common superscript letter are significantly different at P < 0.05.

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