Modulation of paraoxonases during infectious diseases and its potential impact on atherosclerosis

Farid, Ayman Samir; Horii, Yoichiro

doi:10.1186/1476-511X-11-92

Lipids in Health and Disease

Table 1 Potential infectious causes of atherosclerosis and/or underlying diseases

From: Modulation of paraoxonases during infectious diseases and its potential impact on atherosclerosis

Infection	Host	Affected PONs	Effect on PONs	Mediator(s)	Atherosclerotic effect/heart attack	References
Bacterial infections
LPS	Human	PON1	↓	Oxidative stress and oxidative modification of HDL	+	[53, 54]
	Mice (male)	PON1	↓	• Decrease hepatic PON1 synthesis • Oxidative stress	+	• [51, 73] • [53]
	(female)	PON1	↑↓	• Increased hepatic PON1 synthesis (in case of ↑) • Oxidative stress (in case of ↓)	+	• [51] • [53, 74]
	Syrian hamster	PON1	↓	(TNF-α and IL-1)-mediated down-regulated hepatic PON1 mRNA		[75]
	HepG2 human hepatoma cells	PON1	↓	(IL-1β and TNF-α)-mediated hepatic PON1 down-regulation		[52]
	HepG2 human hepatoma cells	PON1	↑	(IL-6)-mediated hepatic PON1 up-regulation		[52]
Pulmonary tuberculosis	Human	PON1	↓	Oxidant/anti-oxidant systems imbalance	+	[55]
Helicobacter pylori	Human	PON1	↓	Oxidative stress and oxidative modification of HDL	+	[57]
Chlamydia pneumoniae	Mice	PON1	↓	Down-regulate hepatic PON1 mRNA	+	[50]
Pseudomonas aeruginosa	A549 and EA.hy 926 cell cultures	PON2	↓	Down-regulate PON2 mRNA		[69]
Viral infections
Influenza A strain WSN/33	C57BL/6 J mice	PON1	↓	Decreased hepatic PON1 protein synthesis	+	[76]
Hepatitis C virus (HCV)	Human	PON1	↓	Oxidant/anti-oxidant systems imbalance	+	[77]
HCV	Human	PON3	↑	Oxidant/anti-oxidant systems imbalance	+	[78]
Hepatitis B virus (HBV)	Human	PON1	↓	• Oxidant/anti-oxidant systems imbalance • Decrease (dysfunction) of HDL • Decrease (dysfunction) of ApoA-1		• [79] • [80] • [81, 82]
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)	Human	PON1	↓	Decrease (dysfunction) of HDL	+	[83, 84]
HIV	CD34⁺CD4⁺ hematopoietic cell line TF-1 and thymocytes derived from the human fetal conjoint thymus/liver hematopoietic organ of SCID-hu mice	PON2	↑	Up-regulation of cellular PON2 mRNA expression		[85]
HIV	Human	PON3	↑	Oxidative stress	+	[86]
Parasitic infections
Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas’ disease)	Human	PON1 PON2 PON3	±	• Oxidative stress, apoA-I miss structure • T_H1 immune polarization	±	• [87] • [88–91]
Nippostrongylus brasiliensis	Rat	PON1	↓	Pro-inflammatory cytokines-mediated hepatic PON1 down-regulation	±	[92–94]
Trichinella spiralis	Rat	PON1	↓	Oxidant/anti-oxidant systems imbalance	±	[95]
Schistosoma mansoni	Mice	Hepatic PON1	↓	Oxidative stress	—	[96]

The arrows ↑ and ↓ represent increased and decreased PONs activity.
The symbols +, — and ± mean, respectively, increase, decrease and unknown effect on atherosclerosis.

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ISSN: 1476-511X

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