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Table 1 Causes of hyperhomocysteinemia

From: Notable epigenetic role of hyperhomocysteinemia in atherogenesis

Genetic defects

Vitamin deficiencies

Other factors

Cystathionine β-synthase deficiency;

Lack of folic acid;

Age;

Lack of vitamin B6;

Male sex;

5,10-methyltetrahydrofolate reductase deficiency;

Lack of vitamin B12

Lifestyle factors (smoking, coffee, alcohol abuse);

Methionine synthase deficiency;

Chronic renal insufficiency;

Hepatic dysfunction;

Genetic defects in the vitamin B12 metabolism

Systemic lupus erythematosus;

Cancers;

End stage diabetes mellitus

  

Hypothyroidism et al.