Table 1 Characteristics of study participants

Number (n)

301

220

202

126

99

94

Age (years)

59.13 ± 8.97

57.64 ± 8.78

0.092

60.73 ± 9.12

58.66 ± 8.43

0.077

62.53 ± 8.45

61.39 ± 7.81

0.364

BMI (kg/m²)

25.74 ± 3.39

25.44 ± 3.51

0.353

25.16 ± 5.16

25.46 ± 3.81

0.591

24.68 ± 6.32

25.58 ± 5.01

0.294

Pulse (beats/min)

74.05 ± 10.13

74.13 ± 11.58

0.933

74.34 ± 10.84

74.53 ± 11.04

0.874

73.46 ± 8.52

73.59 ± 12.30

0.937

BUN(mmol/L)

5.46 ± 1.58

5.53 ± 1.63

0.620

5.67 ± 2.12

5.55 ± 1.70

0.627

5.40 ± 1.83

5.36 ± 1.51

0.855

Cr(umol/L)

75.07 ± 20.99

74.09 ± 22.71

0.625

77.50 ± 18.01

76.05 ± 10.00

0.790

74.54 ± 12.90

79.26 ± 10.66

0.762

Glu (mmol/L)

6.10 ± 2.04

5.73 ± 1.91

0.043*

6.03 ± 1.99

5.65 ± 1.92

0.096

6.32 ± 2.53

5.84 ± 1.89

0.139

TG (mmol/L)

1.75 ± 1.02

1.81 ± 1.23

0.545

1.71 ± 0.978

1.79 ± 1.35

0.498

1.94 ± 1.46

1.83 ± 1.01

0.306

TC (mmol/L)

4.09 ± 1.08

4.24 ± 0.98

0.137

4.05 ± 1.70

4.14 ± 1.01

0.595

4.38 ± 1.07

4.38 ± 0.93

0.430

HDL (mmol/L)

1.04 ± 0.37

1.15 ± 0.33

0.001*

1.10 ± 0.94

1.07 ± 0.289

0.737

1.08 ± 0.32

1.26 ± 0.34

0.368

LDL (mmol/L)

2.44 ± 0.77

2..25 ± 0.80

0.004*

2.52 ± 2.20

2.29 ± 1.91

0.007*

2.36 ± 0.80

2.35 ± 0.88

0.461

EH (%)

63.6

51.54

0.072

61.4

48.7

0.032*

65.6

54.1

0.110*

DM (%)

19.95

10.15

0.029*

17.8

8.9

0.043*

22.1

11.4

0.014*

Smoke (%)

21.32

12.56

0.143

37.6

23.0

0.008*

5.05

2.13

0.278