Table 1 General study characteristics of the included cohort studies

Atkins et al. 2014[34]

British Regional Heart Study GBR

All-cause mortality CVD mortality CVD events CHD events

3,328

11.3

60-79

M

Olive oil

Age, energy intake, smoking, alcohol, PA, social class, BMI, and a modified version of the HDI/EDI score not containing the individual component of interest

Fourth vs. first quartile

8

Barzi et al. 2003[50]

Studio della Sopravvivenza nell’Infarto Miocardico ITA

All-cause mortality

11,323 with myocardial infarction

6.5

59

M/F

Olive oil

Age, sex, hypertension, HDL-cholesterol, diabetes, smoking, claudication, electrical instability, left ventricular dysfunction, residual myocardial ischaemia, dietary supplementation, pharmacological therapies

Third vs. first tertile

7

Bendinelli et al. 2011[49]

European Prospective Into Cancer and Nutrition ITA

CHD

29,689

7.85

35-74

F

MUFA MUFA:SFA

Energy intake, educational level, smoking status, alcohol consumption, body height, body weight, waist circumference daily non-alcohol caloric intake, hypertension, menopausal status, PA, total meat consumption

Fourth vs. first quartile

8

Buckland et al. 2012[11]

European Prospective Into Cancer and Nutrition SPA

All-cause mortality CVD mortality Cancer mortality

41,078

10.4

29-69

M/F

Olive oil

Centre, sex, age, energy intake, BMI, waist circumference, educational status, smoking status, PA, and alcohol intake, intake of fruit, vegetables, meat, and dairy

Fourth vs. first quartile

8

Buckland et al. 2012[56]

European Prospective Into Cancer and Nutrition SPA

CHD

40,142

10.4

29-69

M/F

Olive oil

Educational level, BMI, waist circumference, PA, smoking status, alcohol consumption, energy intake excluding alcohol, hyperlipidaemia, hypertension and diabetes, Mediterranean diet score (excluding olive oil and alcohol)

Fourth vs. first quartile

8

Chiuve et al. 2012[32]

Nurses’ Health Study USA

Sudden death

91,981

30

34-59

F

MUFA

Total calories, smoking, BMI, family history of myocardial infarction, menopausal status, hormone therapy, exercise, aspirin use, use of multivitamins, use of vitamin E supplements, alcohol use, and history of diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, coronary heart disease, and cancer at baseline, percentage of energy from total fat

Fifth vs. first quintile

8

Dilis et al. 2012[19]

European Prospective Into Cancer and Nutrition GRE

CHD mortality CHD incidence

23,929

10

20-86

M/F

MUFA Olive Oil MUFA:SFA

Age, BMI, height, PA, years of schooling and energy intake entered, alcohol consumption, smoking status and arterial blood pressure

1 SD increment

9

Esrey et al. 1996[42]

Lipid Research Clinics Prevalence Study USA

CVD mortality

4,546

12.4

≥30

M/F

MUFA

Age, sex, energy intake, serum lipids, systolic blood pressure, cigarette smoking, BMI, glucose intolerance

1 unit increase

9

Gardener et al. 2011[43]

Northern Manhattan Study USA

Ischemic stroke Myocardial infarction Vascular death

2,568

9

>40

M/F

MUFA:SFA

Age, sex, race ethnicity, completion of high school education, moderate-to-heavy PA, energy intake, and cigarette smoking

≥ median vs. < median

7

Gillman et al. 1997[40]

Framingham Heart Study USA

Stroke

832

20

45-65

M

MUFA

Age, energy, systolic blood pressure, cigarette smoking, glucose intolerance, BMI, PA, left ventricular hypertrophy, alcohol, fruit and vegetables

1% increase MUFA

9

Goldbourt et al. 1993[18]

Israeli Ischemic Heart Disease Study ISR

CHD All-cause mortality

10,059

23

>40

M

MUFA:SFA

Age

Fifth vs. first quintile

7

Guasch-Ferre et al. 2014[54]

PREvención con DIeta MEDiterránea SPA

All-cause mortality CVD mortality CVD events

7216

4.8

55-80

M/W

Olive oil

Age, sex, BMI, smoking status, alcohol intake, education level, PA, prevalence of diabetes, prevalence of hypertension, prevalence of hypercholesterolemia, use of antihypertensive, use of statins, Mediterranean diet adherence

Third vs. first tertile

8

He et al. 2003[47]

Health professional study USA

Stroke

43,732

14

40-75

M

MUFA

BMI, PA, history of hypertension, smoking status, aspirin use, multivitamin use, and consumption of alcohol, potassium, fibre, and vitamin E, total servings of fruit and vegetables, total energy intake, and hypercholesterolemia at baseline

Fifth vs. first quintile

7

Houston et al. 2011[38]

Health ABC study USA

CVD events

1,941

9

70-79

M/F

MUFA

Age, gender, race, education, field centre, smoking, alcohol use, PA, BMI, total energy intake, protein intake, fibre intake, multivitamin use, supplemental vitamin E use, statin use, aspirin use, oral estrogen use, and prevalent diabetes or hypertension, fat, PUFA, trans fat, and cholesterol

Third vs. first tertile

8

Iso et al. 2001[37]

Nurses’ Health Study USA

Stroke

85,764

14

30-59

F

MUFA

Age, smoking status, time interval, BMI, alcohol intake, menopausal status and postmenopausal hormone use, vigorous exercise, usual aspirin use, multivitamin use, vitamin E use, n-3 fatty acid intake, calcium intake, and histories of hypertension, diabetes, high cholesterol levels, and total energy intake

Fifth vs. first quintile

7

Iso et al. 2003[36]

JAP

Stroke

4,775

14

40-69

M/F

MUFA

Age, sex, quartiles of total energy intake and BMI, hypertension category, diabetes, serum total cholesterol, smoking status, ethanol intake, and menopausal status

Fourth vs. first quartile

8

Jakobsen et al. 2004[4]

Multinational MONItoring of trends and determinants in CArdiovascular disease I, II EU

CHD

3,686

16

30-71

M/F

MUFA

Total energy intake, energy from protein, energy from fat, energy from carbohydrates, non-dietary and dietary coronary heart disease risk factors

5% increase

8

Kouris-Blazos et al. 1999[55]

AUS

All-cause mortality

330

4-6

>70

M/F

MUFA:SFA

Age, sex and smoking status but not ethnic origin

MUFA:SFA (1 unit)

6

Larsson et al. 2012[48]

Swedish Mammography Cohort SWE

Stroke

34,670

10.4

49-83

F

MUFA

Age, smoking status and pack-years of smoking, education, BMI, PA, history of hypertension, history of diabetes, aspirin use, family history of myocardial infarction, intakes of alcohol, protein, and dietary fibre, cholesterol

Fifth vs. first quintile

8

Lasheras et al. 2000[26]

SPA

All-cause mortality

161

9

65-95

M/F

MUFA:SFA

Age, sex, BMI, albumin concentration, PA, self-assessment of health, and dieting for chronic conditions

MUFA:SFA (1 unit)

6

Leosdottir et al. 2007[28], Wallström et al. 2012[29]

Malmö Diet and cancer Study SWE

CVD events Stroke CHD

28,098

13.5

44-73

M/F

MUFA MUFA:SFA

Age, smoking habits, alcohol consumption, socioeconomic status, marital status, PA, BMI, fibre intake, and blood pressure, total fat intake for the ratio between unsaturated and saturated fats

Fifth vs. first quintile Fourth vs. first quartile

9

Levitan et al. 2013[57]

Women’s Health Initiative trial and observational study USA

Heart Failure

68,132 (WHI) 93,676 (WHI-OS)

4.6

50-79

F

MUFA:SFA

Age at heart failure hospitalization, total energy intake, race/ethnicity, education, income, married, current smoking, total exercise, physical function, use of off-study postmenopausal hormone therapy, Women’s Health Initiative (WHI) study arm, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, use of diuretics, β-blockers, and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers, BMI, and history of high cholesterol, high blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, myocardial infarction, coronary revascularization, and atrial fibrillation

Fourth vs. first quartile

8

Martinez-Gonzalez et al. 2011[45]

Seguimiento University of Navarra SPA

All-cause mortality

15,535

6.8

University graduates (mean: 38)

M/F

MUFA:SFA

Age, years of university of education, BMI, smoking, PA, hours per day spent watching television, history of depression, baseline hypertension, baseline hypercholesterolemia, total energy intake, egg consumption, potato consumption, and adoption of special diets

≥ median vs. < median

8

Martinez-Gonzalez et al. 2009

Seguimiento University of Navarra SPA

CVD CHD

13,609

4.9

University graduates (mean: 38)

M/F

MUFA:SFA

Age, sex, family history of coronary heart disease, total energy intake, PA, smoking, BMI, diabetes at baseline, use of aspirin, history of hypertension and history of hypercholesterolemia

≥ median (W: ≥1.24, M: ≥1.19) vs. < median

8

Misirli et al. 2012[52]

European Prospective Into Cancer and Nutrition GRE

Stroke Incidence Stroke Mortality

23,601

10.6

20-87

M/F

MUFA Olive Oil

Age, sex, education, smoking status, BMI, PA, hypertension, diabetes, and total energy intake.

Olive oil (23 g/d) MUFA (18 g/d)

9

Nagata et al. 2012[31]

Takayama study JAP

All-cause mortality CVD mortality Cancer mortality

28,356

16

≥35

M/F

MUFA

Age, non-alcohol energy, and protein expressed as percentage of non-alcohol energy and was additionally adjusted for fat subtypes expressed as percentage of non-alcohol energy as appropriate, height, BMI, PA, smoking status, alcohol intake, education, marital status, menopausal status, histories of diabetes and hypertension, and intakes of fruits, vegetables, and dietary fibre

Fifth vs. first quintile

8

Oh et al. 2005[33]

Nurses’ Health Study USA

CHD

78,778

20

30-55

F

MUFA

Age, BMI, smoking, alcohol intake, parental history of myocardial infarction, history of hypertension, menopausal status and hormone use, aspirin use, multivitamin use, vitamin E supplement use, PA, energy, protein, cholesterol intake, saturated, polyunsaturated, and trans-fat; a-linolenic acid; marine n-3 fatty acids; cereal fiber; and fruits and vegetables

Fifth vs. first quintile

7

Pietinen et al. 1997[53]

Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study USA

CVD events CVD mortality

21,930

6.1

50-69

M

MUFA Oleic acid

Age, smoking, BMI, blood pressure, energy intake, alcohol, education, PA

Fifth vs. first quintile

7

Posner et al. 1991[46]

Framingham Study USA

CHD

813

16

45-65

M

MUFA

Energy, serum cholesterol levels, PA, systolic blood pressure, left ventricular hypertrophy, cigarette smoking, glucose intolerance, and metropolitan relative weight

For recommended vs. actual intake

9

Sauvaget et al. 2004[35]

JAP

Stroke

3,731

14

35-89

M/F

MUFA

Age, sex, adjusted for radiation dose, city, BMI, smoking status, alcohol habits, and medical history of hypertension and diabetes

Third vs. first tertile

8

Samieri et al. 2011[10]

Three city study FRA

Stroke

7,625

5.25

≥65

M/F

Olive oil

Age, sex, education, smoking status, BMI, PA, hypertension, diabetes, and total energy intake

Third vs. first tertile

8

Solfrizzi et al. 2005[51]

Italian Longitudinal Study on Aging ITA

All-cause mortality

278

8.5

65-84

F

MUFA MUFA:SFA

Age, sex, waist-hip ratio, smoking status, Charlson co-morbidity index, and total energy intake

Fourth vs. first quartile

7

Tognon et al. 2011[24]

DEN

All-cause mortality

1,037

8.5

70

M/F

MUFA:SFA

Gender, BMI, waist circumference, PA, smoking status, marital status and education

≥ median vs. < median

7

Trichopoulou et al. 2005[23]

European Prospective Into Cancer and Nutrition Elderly EU

All-cause mortality

74,607

7.4

>60

M/F

MUFA MUFA:SFA

Age, sex, diabetes mellitus at baseline, waist to hip ratio, BMI, educational achievement, smoking status, PA at occupation, PA score at leisure, alcohol intake, and total energy intake

MUFA (12 g) MUFA:SFA (0.4)

8

Trichopoulou et al. 2009[20]

European Prospective Into Cancer and Nutrition GRE

All-cause mortality

23,349

8.5

20-86

M/F

MUFA:SFA

Age, sex, education, smoking status, waist-to-hip ratio, BMI, MET score, and total energy intake

≥ median vs. < median

9

Trichopoulou et al. 1995[22]

GRE

All-cause mortality

182

4-5

>70

M/F

MUFA:SFA

Age, sex, and smoking status

MUFA:SFA (1 unit)

7

Trichopoulou et al. 2003[21]

European Prospective Into Cancer and Nutrition GRE

All-cause mortality

22,043

3.7

20-86

M/F

MUFA Olive oil MUFA:SFA

Age, sex, waist-to-hip ratio, energy-expenditure score, years of education, smoking status, BMI, and total energy intake

MUFA (15 g/d) Increment olive oil (20 g) MUFA:SFA (0.5)

9

Van den Brandt et al. 2011[27]

Netherlands cohort study NED

All-cause mortality

120,852

10

55-69

M/F

MUFA:SFA

Age, cigarette smoking status, number of cigarettes smoked per day, years of smoking, BMI, non-occupational PA, history of hypertension, highest level of education, and energy intake

Fourth vs. first quartile

9

Yaemsiri et al. 2012[39]

Women’s Health initiative observational study USA

Stroke

87,025

7.6

50-79

F

MUFA

Age, race, education, family income, total metabolic equivalent task hours per week, alcohol intake, history of CHD, history of atrial fibrillation, history of diabetes, aspirin use, use of antihypertensive medication, use of cholesterol-lowering medication, BMI, systolic blood pressure, and total energy intake, dietary vitamin E, fruits and vegetable intake, fibre

Fifth vs. first quintile

8

Xu et al. 2006[41]

Strong Heart Study USA

CHD CHD mortality

2,938

7.2

47-79

M/F

MUFA

Age, sex, energy, study centre, diabetes status, BMI, HDL, LDL, triacylglycerol, smoking, alcohol consumption, hypertension, percentage of energy from protein, and total energy intake

Fourth vs. first quartile

9

Wakai et al. 2014[30]

Japan Collaborative Cohort Study JAP

All-cause mortality CVD mortality

58,672

19.3

40-79

M/F

MUFA

Age, area, education, smoking, alcohol consumption, BMI, sleep duration, walking, consumption of vegetables and fruit, and total energy intake

Fifth vs. first quintile

8