Variable | Palaeolithic (n 18) | Reference (n 16) | P a | Differenceb | P c | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |||||
Anthropometric | ||||||||
Bodyweight (kg) | −1.3 (−2.3; −0.3) | 0.01 | ||||||
Baseline | 98.0 | 18.2 | 86.0 | 14.2 | 0.04 | |||
2 weeks | 95.3 | 17.5 | 84.3 | 12.5 | ||||
BMI (kg/m2) | −0.5 (−0.9; −0.1) | 0.01 | ||||||
Baseline | 33.7 | 5.9 | 29.8 | 4.9 | 0.05 | |||
2 weeks | 32.8 | 5.8 | 29.7 | 5.2 | ||||
Abdominal circumference (cm) | −0.4 (−2.4; 1.6) | 0.69 | ||||||
Baseline | 114.7 | 11.5 | 107.7 | 9.4 | 0.06 | |||
2 weeks | 111.6 | 12.3 | 104.7 | 8.7 | ||||
Systolic BP (mmHg) | −9.1 (−16.2; −1.9) | 0.02 | ||||||
Baseline | 131 | 15 | 134 | 15 | 0.48 | |||
2 weeks | 122 | 10 | 129 | 14 | · | |||
Diastolic BP (mmHg) | −5.2 (−10.0; −0.3) | 0.04 | ||||||
Baseline | 87 | 9 | 86 | 13 | 0.75 | |||
2 weeks | 79 | 6 | 83 | 9 | · | |||
Characteristics of the MetS (n), | −1.1 (−1.9; −0.3) | 0.01 | ||||||
range 0-5 | Baseline | 3.7 | 1.1 | 2.7 | 1.3 | 0.02 | ||
2 weeks | 2.7 | 1.0 | 2.9 | 1.2 | ||||
Glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity | ||||||||
Glucose fasting (mmol/l) | −0.1 (−0.5; 0.3) | 0.68 | ||||||
Baseline | 6.1 | 0.8 | 5.8 | 0.7 | 0.34 | |||
2 weeks | 5.7 | 0.8 | 5.5 | 0.8 | ||||
Insulin fasting (mU/l) | −2 · 0 (−5.0; 1.1) | 0.20 | ||||||
Baseline | 11.9 | 5.5 | 10.2 | 6.5 | 0.40 | |||
2 weeks | 9.2 | 4.9 | 9.5 | 5.3 | ||||
HOMAIRd | −0.5 (−1.4; 0.4) | 0.28 | ||||||
Baseline | 3.3 | 1.7 | 2.7 | 1.8 | 0.32 | |||
2 weeks | 2.4 | 1.6 | 2.4 | 1.3 | ||||
AUC glucose (mmol/l x min) | −27.7 (−156.6; 101.1) | 0.66 | ||||||
Baseline | 263 | 208 | 249 | 162 | 0.83 | |||
2 weeks | 245 | 199 | 262 | 216 | ||||
AUC insulin (mU/l x min) | −1 342 · (−415; 3 099) | 0.13 | ||||||
Baseline | 8 791 | 6 200 | 6 270 | 3 619 | 0.16 | |||
2 weeks | 6 873 | 2 692 | 6 955 | 3 365 | ||||
TG:HDL-C (mol/mol) | −0.9 (−1.3; −0.5) | 0.00 | ||||||
Baseline | 1.7 | 1.6 | 0.9 | 0.6 | 0.07 | |||
2 weeks | 0.9 | 0.7 | 1.1 | 0.7 | ||||
Lipids | ||||||||
TC (mmol/l) | −0.5 (−1.0; −0.0) | 0.04 | ||||||
Baseline | 5.7 | 1.0 | 6.1 | 1.4 | 0.33 | |||
2 weeks | 5.0 | 0.9 | 6.0 | 1.2 | ||||
HDL-C (mmol/l) | 0.2 (0.0; 0.3) | 0.01 | ||||||
Baseline | 1.3 | 0.4 | 1.6 | 0.4 | 0.06 | |||
2 weeks | 1.3 | 0.4 | 1.4 | 0.4 | ||||
LDL-C (mmol/l) | −0.1 (−0.5; 0.3) | 0.56 | ||||||
Baseline | 3.5 | 0.7 | 3.9 | 1.4 | 0.27 | |||
2 weeks | 3.2 | 0.8 | 3.9 | 1.1 | ||||
TG (mmol/l) | −0.9 (−1.3; −0.5) | 0.00 | ||||||
Baseline | 1.9 | 1.4 | 1.3 | 0.6 | 0.10 | |||
2 weeks | 1.0 | 0.6 | 1.4 | 0.6 | ||||
TC:HDL-C (mol/mol) | −1.2 (−1.9; −0.4) | 0.00 | ||||||
Baseline | 4.6 | 1.5 | 3.5 | 2.1 | 0.11 | |||
2 weeks | 4.0 | 1.3 | 4.5 | 1.5 | ||||
Inflammation | ||||||||
hsCRP (mg/l) | 0.1 (−2.2; 2.3) | 0.96 | ||||||
Baseline | 4.4 | 3.4 | 2.3 | 3.1 | 0.07 | |||
2 weeks | 4.6 | 3.1 | 3.0 | 4.5 | ||||
TNFα (pg/ml) | −0.6 (−1.7; 0.6) | 0.32 | ||||||
Baseline | 3.9 | 1.8 | 4.3 | 3.0 | 0.65 | |||
2 weeks | 4.0 | 1.6 | 4.3 | 3.1 | ||||
Intestinal permeability | ||||||||
Lactulose:mannitol (mol/mol), in 5 h urine portion | −0.007 (−0.023; 0.008) | 0.35 | ||||||
Baseline | 0.029 | 0.017 | 0.024 | 0.021 | 0.66 | |||
2 weeks | 0.024 | 0.013 | 0.033 | 0.025 | ||||
Stress parameter | ||||||||
Diurnal cortisol slope, wakeup-bedtime | −0.08 (−0.36; 0.20) | 0.54 | ||||||
Baseline | −0.41 | −0.30;-0.72e | −0.38 | −0.30;-0.70e | 0.43 | |||
2 weeks | −0.40 | −0.22;-0.54e | −0.57 | −0.28;-0.62e |