Variable | Palaeolithic (n 18) | Reference (n 16) | P a | Differenceb | P c | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 |  | Mean | SD | Mean | SD |  |  |  |
Anthropometric | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Bodyweight (kg) |  |  |  |  |  |  | −1.3 (−2.3; −0.3) | 0.01 |
 | Baseline | 98.0 | 18.2 | 86.0 | 14.2 | 0.04 |  |  |
 | 2 weeks | 95.3 | 17.5 | 84.3 | 12.5 |  |  |  |
BMI (kg/m2) |  |  |  |  |  |  | −0.5 (−0.9; −0.1) | 0.01 |
 | Baseline | 33.7 | 5.9 | 29.8 | 4.9 | 0.05 |  |  |
 | 2 weeks | 32.8 | 5.8 | 29.7 | 5.2 |  |  |  |
Abdominal circumference (cm) |  |  |  |  |  | −0.4 (−2.4; 1.6) | 0.69 | |
 | Baseline | 114.7 | 11.5 | 107.7 | 9.4 | 0.06 |  |  |
 | 2 weeks | 111.6 | 12.3 | 104.7 | 8.7 |  |  |  |
Systolic BP (mmHg) |  |  |  |  |  | −9.1 (−16.2; −1.9) | 0.02 | |
 | Baseline | 131 | 15 | 134 | 15 | 0.48 |  |  |
 | 2 weeks | 122 | 10 | 129 | 14 | · |  |  |
Diastolic BP (mmHg) |  |  |  |  |  | −5.2 (−10.0; −0.3) | 0.04 | |
 | Baseline | 87 | 9 | 86 | 13 | 0.75 |  |  |
 | 2 weeks | 79 | 6 | 83 | 9 | · |  |  |
Characteristics of the MetS (n), |  |  |  |  |  | −1.1 (−1.9; −0.3) | 0.01 | |
range 0-5 | Baseline | 3.7 | 1.1 | 2.7 | 1.3 | 0.02 | Â | Â |
 | 2 weeks | 2.7 | 1.0 | 2.9 | 1.2 |  |  |  |
Glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | ||
Glucose fasting (mmol/l) |  |  |  |  |  | −0.1 (−0.5; 0.3) | 0.68 | |
 | Baseline | 6.1 | 0.8 | 5.8 | 0.7 | 0.34 |  |  |
 | 2 weeks | 5.7 | 0.8 | 5.5 | 0.8 |  |  |  |
Insulin fasting (mU/l) |  |  |  |  |  | −2 · 0 (−5.0; 1.1) | 0.20 | |
 | Baseline | 11.9 | 5.5 | 10.2 | 6.5 | 0.40 |  |  |
 | 2 weeks | 9.2 | 4.9 | 9.5 | 5.3 |  |  |  |
HOMAIRd |  |  |  |  |  |  | −0.5 (−1.4; 0.4) | 0.28 |
 | Baseline | 3.3 | 1.7 | 2.7 | 1.8 | 0.32 |  |  |
 | 2 weeks | 2.4 | 1.6 | 2.4 | 1.3 |  |  |  |
AUC glucose (mmol/l x min) |  |  |  |  |  | −27.7 (−156.6; 101.1) | 0.66 | |
 | Baseline | 263 | 208 | 249 | 162 | 0.83 |  |  |
 | 2 weeks | 245 | 199 | 262 | 216 |  |  |  |
AUC insulin (mU/l x min) |  |  |  |  |  | −1 342 · (−415; 3 099) | 0.13 | |
 | Baseline | 8 791 | 6 200 | 6 270 | 3 619 | 0.16 |  |  |
 | 2 weeks | 6 873 | 2 692 | 6 955 | 3 365 |  |  |  |
TG:HDL-C (mol/mol) |  |  |  |  |  | −0.9 (−1.3; −0.5) | 0.00 | |
 | Baseline | 1.7 | 1.6 | 0.9 | 0.6 | 0.07 |  |  |
 | 2 weeks | 0.9 | 0.7 | 1.1 | 0.7 |  |  |  |
Lipids | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
TC (mmol/l) |  |  |  |  |  | −0.5 (−1.0; −0.0) | 0.04 | |
 | Baseline | 5.7 | 1.0 | 6.1 | 1.4 | 0.33 |  |  |
 | 2 weeks | 5.0 | 0.9 | 6.0 | 1.2 |  |  |  |
HDL-C (mmol/l) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.2 (0.0; 0.3) | 0.01 |
 | Baseline | 1.3 | 0.4 | 1.6 | 0.4 | 0.06 |  |  |
 | 2 weeks | 1.3 | 0.4 | 1.4 | 0.4 |  |  |  |
LDL-C (mmol/l) |  |  |  |  |  |  | −0.1 (−0.5; 0.3) | 0.56 |
 | Baseline | 3.5 | 0.7 | 3.9 | 1.4 | 0.27 |  |  |
 | 2 weeks | 3.2 | 0.8 | 3.9 | 1.1 |  |  |  |
TG (mmol/l) |  |  |  |  |  |  | −0.9 (−1.3; −0.5) | 0.00 |
 | Baseline | 1.9 | 1.4 | 1.3 | 0.6 | 0.10 |  |  |
 | 2 weeks | 1.0 | 0.6 | 1.4 | 0.6 |  |  |  |
TC:HDL-C (mol/mol) |  |  |  |  |  | −1.2 (−1.9; −0.4) | 0.00 | |
 | Baseline | 4.6 | 1.5 | 3.5 | 2.1 | 0.11 |  |  |
 | 2 weeks | 4.0 | 1.3 | 4.5 | 1.5 |  |  |  |
Inflammation | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
hsCRP (mg/l) |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.1 (−2.2; 2.3) | 0.96 |
 | Baseline | 4.4 | 3.4 | 2.3 | 3.1 | 0.07 |  |  |
 | 2 weeks | 4.6 | 3.1 | 3.0 | 4.5 |  |  |  |
TNFα (pg/ml) |  |  |  |  |  |  | −0.6 (−1.7; 0.6) | 0.32 |
 | Baseline | 3.9 | 1.8 | 4.3 | 3.0 | 0.65 |  |  |
 | 2 weeks | 4.0 | 1.6 | 4.3 | 3.1 |  |  |  |
Intestinal permeability | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
Lactulose:mannitol (mol/mol), in 5 h urine portion |  |  |  | −0.007 (−0.023; 0.008) | 0.35 | |||
 | Baseline | 0.029 | 0.017 | 0.024 | 0.021 | 0.66 |  |  |
 | 2 weeks | 0.024 | 0.013 | 0.033 | 0.025 |  |  |  |
Stress parameter | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Diurnal cortisol slope, wakeup-bedtime |  |  |  |  | −0.08 (−0.36; 0.20) | 0.54 | ||
 | Baseline | −0.41 | −0.30;-0.72e | −0.38 | −0.30;-0.70e | 0.43 |  |  |
 | 2 weeks | −0.40 | −0.22;-0.54e | −0.57 | −0.28;-0.62e |  |  |  |