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Table 3 Summary results for each intervention group

From: Favourable effects of consuming a Palaeolithic-type diet on characteristics of the metabolic syndrome: a randomized controlled pilot-study

Variable

Palaeolithic (n 18)

Reference (n 16)

P a

Differenceb

P c

  

Mean

SD

Mean

SD

   

Anthropometric

        

Bodyweight (kg)

      

−1.3 (−2.3; −0.3)

0.01

 

Baseline

98.0

18.2

86.0

14.2

0.04

  
 

2 weeks

95.3

17.5

84.3

12.5

   

BMI (kg/m2)

      

−0.5 (−0.9; −0.1)

0.01

 

Baseline

33.7

5.9

29.8

4.9

0.05

  
 

2 weeks

32.8

5.8

29.7

5.2

   

Abdominal circumference (cm)

     

−0.4 (−2.4; 1.6)

0.69

 

Baseline

114.7

11.5

107.7

9.4

0.06

  
 

2 weeks

111.6

12.3

104.7

8.7

   

Systolic BP (mmHg)

     

−9.1 (−16.2; −1.9)

0.02

 

Baseline

131

15

134

15

0.48

  
 

2 weeks

122

10

129

14

·

  

Diastolic BP (mmHg)

     

−5.2 (−10.0; −0.3)

0.04

 

Baseline

87

9

86

13

0.75

  
 

2 weeks

79

6

83

9

·

  

Characteristics of the MetS (n),

     

−1.1 (−1.9; −0.3)

0.01

range 0-5

Baseline

3.7

1.1

2.7

1.3

0.02

  
 

2 weeks

2.7

1.0

2.9

1.2

   

Glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity

      

Glucose fasting (mmol/l)

     

−0.1 (−0.5; 0.3)

0.68

 

Baseline

6.1

0.8

5.8

0.7

0.34

  
 

2 weeks

5.7

0.8

5.5

0.8

   

Insulin fasting (mU/l)

     

−2 · 0 (−5.0; 1.1)

0.20

 

Baseline

11.9

5.5

10.2

6.5

0.40

  
 

2 weeks

9.2

4.9

9.5

5.3

   

HOMAIRd

      

−0.5 (−1.4; 0.4)

0.28

 

Baseline

3.3

1.7

2.7

1.8

0.32

  
 

2 weeks

2.4

1.6

2.4

1.3

   

AUC glucose (mmol/l x min)

     

−27.7 (−156.6; 101.1)

0.66

 

Baseline

263

208

249

162

0.83

  
 

2 weeks

245

199

262

216

   

AUC insulin (mU/l x min)

     

−1 342 · (−415; 3 099)

0.13

 

Baseline

8 791

6 200

6 270

3 619

0.16

  
 

2 weeks

6 873

2 692

6 955

3 365

   

TG:HDL-C (mol/mol)

     

−0.9 (−1.3; −0.5)

0.00

 

Baseline

1.7

1.6

0.9

0.6

0.07

  
 

2 weeks

0.9

0.7

1.1

0.7

   

Lipids

        

TC (mmol/l)

     

−0.5 (−1.0; −0.0)

0.04

 

Baseline

5.7

1.0

6.1

1.4

0.33

  
 

2 weeks

5.0

0.9

6.0

1.2

   

HDL-C (mmol/l)

      

0.2 (0.0; 0.3)

0.01

 

Baseline

1.3

0.4

1.6

0.4

0.06

  
 

2 weeks

1.3

0.4

1.4

0.4

   

LDL-C (mmol/l)

      

−0.1 (−0.5; 0.3)

0.56

 

Baseline

3.5

0.7

3.9

1.4

0.27

  
 

2 weeks

3.2

0.8

3.9

1.1

   

TG (mmol/l)

      

−0.9 (−1.3; −0.5)

0.00

 

Baseline

1.9

1.4

1.3

0.6

0.10

  
 

2 weeks

1.0

0.6

1.4

0.6

   

TC:HDL-C (mol/mol)

     

−1.2 (−1.9; −0.4)

0.00

 

Baseline

4.6

1.5

3.5

2.1

0.11

  
 

2 weeks

4.0

1.3

4.5

1.5

   

Inflammation

        

hsCRP (mg/l)

      

0.1 (−2.2; 2.3)

0.96

 

Baseline

4.4

3.4

2.3

3.1

0.07

  
 

2 weeks

4.6

3.1

3.0

4.5

   

TNFα (pg/ml)

      

−0.6 (−1.7; 0.6)

0.32

 

Baseline

3.9

1.8

4.3

3.0

0.65

  
 

2 weeks

4.0

1.6

4.3

3.1

   

Intestinal permeability

       

Lactulose:mannitol (mol/mol), in 5 h urine portion

   

−0.007 (−0.023; 0.008)

0.35

 

Baseline

0.029

0.017

0.024

0.021

0.66

  
 

2 weeks

0.024

0.013

0.033

0.025

   

Stress parameter

        

Diurnal cortisol slope, wakeup-bedtime

    

−0.08 (−0.36; 0.20)

0.54

 

Baseline

−0.41

−0.30;-0.72e

−0.38

−0.30;-0.70e

0.43

  
 

2 weeks

−0.40

−0.22;-0.54e

−0.57

−0.28;-0.62e

   
  1. Abbreviations: TG triglycerides, HDL-C HDL-cholesterol, TC total cholesterol, LDL-C LDL-cholesterol.
  2. Mean values and standard deviations, intention-to-treat.
  3. aP values between the two intervention groups at baseline.
  4. bDifference = Palaeolithic-type diet – reference diet. Values are 95% CI.
  5. cP values between the two intervention groups after the intervention.
  6. dFor HOMAIR the following equation was used: HOMAIR = (fasting insulin mmol/l x fasting glucose mU/l)/22.4.
  7. eData are median (25st;75st percentile).
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Lipids in Health and Disease

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