Favourable effects of consuming a Palaeolithic-type diet on characteristics of the metabolic syndrome: a randomized controlled pilot-study

Table 5 Differences between baseline and after intervention for both groups

Variable	Paired Differences
Variable	All (n 34)			Palaeolithic (n 18)			Reference (n 14)
	Mean	SD	P*	Mean	SD	P*	Mean	SD	P*
Anthropometric
Abdominal circumference (cm)	−3.2	2.2	0.00	−3.1	2.0	0.00	−3.3	2.4	0.00
Systolic BP (mmHg)	−6.6	9.8	0.00	−8.5	12.0	0.01	−4.2	5.6	0.02
Diastolic BP (mmHg)	−6.0	7.5	0.00	−8.0	8.3	0.0	−3.5	5.6	0.03
Glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity
Glucose fasting (mmol/l)	−0.4	0.5	0.00	−0.4	0.5	0.01	−0.4	0.4	0.00
Insulin fasting (mU/l)	−2.1	4.3	0.01	−2.7	5.0	0.03	−1.4	3.2	0.14
HOMA_IR	−0.7	1.3	0.00	−0.9	1.5	0.03	−0.5	0.9	0.06
AUC glucose (mmol/l x min)	−6	141	0.81	−18	170	0.66	9	98	0.73
AUC insulin (mU/l x min)	−921	3 565	0.15	−1 918	4 361	0.08	362	1 515	0.39
TG:HDL-C (mol/mol)	−0.4	1.0	0.04	−0.8	1.2	0.01	0.2	0.3	0.08
Lipids
TC (mmol/l)	−0.6	0.7	0.000	−07	0.7	0.00	−0.4	0.5	0.02
HDL-C (mmol/l)	−0.1	0.2	0.001	−0.0	0.1	0.38	−0.2	0.1	0.00
LDL-C (mmol/l)	−0.2	0.5	0.01	−0.3	0.5	0.02	−0.2	0.5	0.18
TG (mmol/l)	−0.5	1.0	0.01	−0.9	1.1	0.00	0.1	0.4	0.63
TC:HDL-C (mol/mol)	0.1	1.2	0.72	−0.5	0.7	0.01	0.9	1.3	0.03
Inflammation
hsCRP (mg/l)	0.3	2.5	0.54	0.2	2.8	0.79	0.4	2.1	0.49
TNFα (pg/ml)	0.2	1.3	0.45	0.1	1.6	0.87	0.3	0.7	0.13
Intestinal permeability
Lactulose:mannitol (mmol/mol)	0.003	0.020	0.3	−0.002	0.020	0.65	0.009	0.012	0.11
Other laboratory parameters
Urine
Sodium:potassium (mmol/mol)	−0.88	0.93	0.00	−1.11	0.97	0.00	−0.57	0.82	0.02
Serum
Homocysteine (μmol/l)	0.8	1.6	0.01	1.2	1.3	0.00	0.3	1.9	0.60

Abbreviations: TG triglycerides, HDL-C HDL-cholesterol, TC total cholesterol, LDL-C LDL-cholesterol.
Mean values and standard deviations, per-protocol.
*P values for the difference between baseline and after intervention, computed by two-tailed paired t-test, not adjusted.