Table 1 LDL cholesterol and serum non-cholesterol sterol/cholesterol-ratios in different studies during STAEST consumption
First value: mean control value. In parenthesis: net relative change between STAEST and control values | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Reference | Design | N | Dose (g/d) | Duration (wk) | LDL-C | Cholestanol | Campesterol | Sitosterol | Squalene | Cholestenol | Desmosterol | Lathosterol |
Ref [18] | Parallel | 189 | 2 | 52 | 3.9 (−8%) | 152 (−5%) | 301 (−35%) | 156 (−37%) | 16 (−1%) | 21 (7%) | 81 (7%) | 121 (7%) |
Ref [24] | Crossover | 34 | 2 | 4 | 4.2 (−13%) | 136 (−4%) | 388 (−28%) | 172 (−29%) | 33 (22%) | 16 (23%) | 61 (11%) | 164 (20%) |
Ref [22] | Parallel | 76 | 2 | 10 | 3.5 (−9%) | 155 (0%) | 278 (−33%) | 129 (−35%) | 17 (4%) | 17 (10%) | 82 (9%) | 129 (16%) |
Ref [25] | Parallel | 190 | 2 | 12 | 3.9 (−9%) | 151 (−4%) | 284 (−29%) | 142 (−32%) | 18 (5%) | 20 (19%) | 98 (3%) | 137 (19%) |
Ref [28] | Parallel | 19 | 2 | 12 | 3.1(−16%) | 178 (−4%) | 483 (−24%) | 198 (−23%) | 17 (−30%) | 18 (2%) | 73 (0%) | 95 (−3%) |
Ref [19] | Crossover | 21 | 2.4 | 5 | 4.2 (−12%) | 123 (−9%) | 209 (−28%) | 126 (−28%) | 45 (11%) | 18 (14%) | 74 (15%) | 175 (16%) |
Ref [29] | Crossover | 11 | 3 | 6 | 3.8 (−9%) | 94 (−10%) | 241 (−43%) | 110 (−42%) | 31 (13%) | 32 (10%) | 109 (12%) | 185 (14%) |
Ref [21] | Parallel | 153 | 3 | 26 | 4.1 (−11%) | 120 (−8%) | 316 (−39%) | 152 (−18%) | 34 (2%) | 18 (34%) | 71 (11%) | 176 (20%) |
Ref [20] | Crossover | 22 | 3 | 7 | 3.7 (−17%) | 127 (−9%) | 301 (−41%) | 147 (−22%) | 36 (6%) | 15 (19%) | 91 (11%) | 170 (12%) |
Ref [26] | Parallel | 67 | 3.4 | 6 | 3.7 (−9%) | 122 (−3%)1 | 346 (−48%)1 | 151 (−41%)1 | 33 (13%)1 | 19 (21%) | 111 (27%) | 203 (10%) |
Ref [17] | Parallel | 49 | 8.8 | 10 | 3.2 (−17%) | 157 (−2%) | 337 (−62%) | 164 (−48%) | 15 (14%) | 23 (20%) | 86 (15%) | 130 (30%) |
Dose–response studies | ||||||||||||
Ref [27] | Crossover | 15 | 0.8 | 9 | 4.4 (−8%) | 102 (4%)1 | 360 (−28%)1 | 163 (−24%)1 | 18 (14%)1 | 20 (−5%)1 | 69 (1%)1 | 162 (2%)1 |
2 | 6 | 4.5 (−15%) | 102 (−2%)1 | 347 (−48%)1 | 158 (−41%)1 | 20 (−4%)1 | 22 (10%)1 | 28 (2%)1 | 160(16%)1 | |||
Ref [23] | Crossover | 22 | 0.8 | 4 | 4.4 (−2%) | 141 (1%) | 354 (−20%) | 167 (−39%) | 39 (9%) | 21 (3%) | 89 (4%) | 133 (13%) |
1.6 | “(−6%) | ”(−1%) | ”(−35%) | ”(−21%) | ”(14%) | ”(18%) | ”(6%) | ”(18%) | ||||
2.3 | “(−10%) | ”(1%) | ”(−35%) | ”(−34%) | ”(21%) | ”(22%) | ”(7%) | ”(19%) | ||||
3.1 | “(−10%) | ”(1%) | ”(−39%) | ”(−32%) | ”(21%) | ”(12%) | ”(8%) | ”(19%) | ||||