Table 2 Components in bovine milk and their chances to be modified according to feeding strategies, substrates involved in their synthesis and feeding strategies that may be used
Milk component | Possibility for modification1 | Substrates involved in synthesis | Feeding strategies |
|---|---|---|---|
Fat | Moderate | ↓Acetic-and butyric acid for de novo synthesis | High intake and proportion of concentrates |
↓Long unsaturated FA | High intake and proportion of unsaturated fatty acids | ||
Saturated fatty acids | Minor to moderate | ↓Acetic-and butyric acid for de novo synthesis. | Low intake and proportion of roughages |
↓Long saturated FA | Low proportion saturated/unsaturated fatty acids | ||
Oleic acid | Moderate | ↑Oleic acid | High intake/proportion of oilic acid |
↑Stearic acid | High intake/proportion of stearic acid | ||
↑Stearic acid | High intake/proportion of polyunsaturated C18-acids Pasture | ||
CLA | Considerable | ↑CLA | High intake/proportion of linoleic acid. |
↑Vaccenic acid | High intake/proportion of unsaturated FA. Pasture | ||
Vaccenic acid | Considerable | ↓Vaccenic acid | Low intake of oleic- and linolenic acid |
Ratio omega 6/3 | Moderate | ↓Omega 6:3 FA | High intake/proportion of linolenic acid. Pasture |
Protein | Minor | ↑Energy supply | High intake of diet with relatively low content of fat, but high energy concentration |
↑Amino acid supply | Favourable conditions for microbial protein synthesis in the rumen. High intake/proportion of dietary by-pass protein | ||
Calcium | Minor | ||
Magnesium | Minor | ||
Zinc | Minor | ||
Iodine | Considerable | Supplementation | |
Selenium | Considerable | Supplementation | |
Vitamin E | Considerable | Vitamin E | Pasture, well preserved silages, concentrates with naturally high content, mineral supplementation |
Carotene/Vitamin A | Considerable | Carotene/Vitamin A | Pasture, well preserved silages, concentrates with naturally high content, mineral supplementation |
Folate | Minor | ||
Riboflavin | Minor | ||
Vitamin B12 | Minor |