Effects of cardiovascular lifestyle change on lipoprotein subclass profiles defined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Decewicz, David J; Neatrour, David M; Burke, Amy; Haberkorn, Mary Jane; Patney, Heather L; Vernalis, Marina N; Ellsworth, Darrell L

doi:10.1186/1476-511X-8-26

Lipids in Health and Disease

Table 5 Response of LDL particle number, LDL size, and small LDL particles to pharmacologic and lifestyle interventions

From: Effects of cardiovascular lifestyle change on lipoprotein subclass profiles defined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

LDL subclass^a	Trial/Center	Intervention	Daily dosage(mg)	Mean follow-up (weeks)	Baseline value ± SD	Mean change (%)	Reference
Total LDL particles	GLAI^b	rosiglitazone	4/8	24	1368 ± 372	+8.2	[48]
(nmol/L)	GLAI^b	pioglitazone	30/45	24	1394 ± 361	-3.5	[48]
	STRRIDE^c	exercise	---	~35	1456 ± 86^d	-4.5	[31]
	VA-HIT^e	gemfibrozil	1200	~30	1352 ± 316	-4.6	[21]
	JUSMH^f	bezafibrate	400	4	1722 ± 629	-4.6	[49]
	Ornish Program^g	lifestyle (F)	---	52	1478 ± 497	-6.1
	UMCP^h	exercise	---	24	1436 ± 42^d	-7.0	[32]
	Ornish Program^g	lifestyle (M)	---	52	1401 ± 463	-10.4
	MCⁱ	pioglitazone	30	19	1420 ± 74^d	-10.6	[35]
	JUSMH^j	fenofibrate	200	8	1567 ± 606	-10.9	[50]
	COMPLEMENT^k	pioglitazone	30/45	17	1527 ± 473	-12.4	[51]
	VCU^l	niacin IR^m	3000	12	2561 ± 81^d	-14.1	[52]
	DUⁿ	low-fat diet	---	24	1759	-14.7	[34]
	TJU^o	niacin ER^p	1000	12	1993	-15.0	[53]
	MCⁱ	diet/exercise	---	19	1216 ± 55^d	-18.8	[35]
	PRINCE^q	pravastatin	40	12	1540^r	-19.0^r	[54]
	TJU^o	niacin ER^p	2000	12	2048	-23.0	[53]
	PLAC-1^s	pravastatin	20–40	~26	1908 ± 304	-24.0	[20]
	PLAC-1^t	pravastatin	40	~26	1918 ± 292	-25.5	[9]
	VCU^l	atorvastatin	10	12	2562 ± 77^d	-31.4	[52]
	CARDS^u	atorvastatin	10	26	1572^r	-31.6^r	[55]
LDL size	CARDS^u	atorvastatin	10	26	20.6^r	-0.7^r	[55]
(nm)	Ornish Program^g	lifestyle (F)	---	52	20.5 ± 0.9	0.0
	PLAC-1^s	pravastatin	20–40	~26	20.7 ± 0.5	+0.3	[20]
	PLAC-1^t	pravastatin	40	~26	20.7 ± 0.4	+0.5	[9]
	PRINCE^q	pravastatin	40	12	20.8^r	+0.5^r	[54]
	STRRIDE^c	exercise	---	~35	20.8 ± 0.2^d	+1.0	[31]
	UMCP^h	exercise	---	24	21 ± 0.1^d	+1.0	[32]
	COMPLEMENT^k	pioglitazone	30/45	17	20.3 ± 0.7	+1.1	[51]
	DUⁿ	low-fat diet	---	24	20.9	+1.4	[34]
	VCU^l	atorvastatin	10	12	19.8 ± 0.1^d	+1.5	[52]
	MCⁱ	diet/exercise	---	19	20.6 ± 0.2^d	+1.5	[35]
	Ornish Program^g	lifestyle (M)	---	52	20.0 ± 0.6	+1.6
	GLAI^b	rosiglitazone	4/8	24	20.1 ± 0.8	+1.6	[48]
	TJU^o	niacin ER^p	1000	12	20.0	+2.0	[53]
	MCⁱ	pioglitazone	30	19	20.3 ± 0.2^d	+2.0	[35]
	TJU^o	niacin ER^p	2000	12	21.0	+2.0	[53]
	GLAI^b	pioglitazone	30/45	24	20.0 ± 0.8	+2.3	[48]
	VCU^l	niacin IR^m	3000	12	19.9 ± 0.1^d	+2.5	[52]
	VA-HIT^e	gemfibrozil	1200	~30	20.4 ± 0.8	+2.5	[21]
	JUSMH^j	fenofibrate	200	8	19.7 ± 0.8	+3.8	[50]
	JUSMH^f	bezafibrate	400	4	19.9 ± 1.0	+3.9	[49]
	NEMC/UPSM^v	torcetrapib	120	4	20.4 ± 0.9	+4.9	[56]
	NEMC/UPSM^v	torcetrapib	120/240	8	20.4 ± 0.8	+7.4	[56]
Small LDL	CARDS^u	atorvastatin	10	26	599^r	+1.8^r	[55]
particles (nmol/L)	Ornish Program^g	lifestyle (F)	---	52	1076 ± 565	-2.6
	GLAI^b	rosiglitazone	4/8	24	1142 ± 429	-3.4	[48]
	UMCP^h	exercise	---	24	966 ± 55^d	-13.4	[32]
	Ornish Program^g	lifestyle (M)	---	52	1145 ± 393	-15.1
	COMPLEMENT^k	pioglitazone	30/45	17	1188 ± 513	-19.3	[51]
	VA-HIT^e	gemfibrozil	1200	~30	967 ± 406	-19.6	[21]
	MCⁱ	pioglitazone	30	19	1119 ± 95^d	-20.2	[35]
	MCⁱ	diet/exercise	---	19	888 ± 75^d	-27.3	[35]

a: determined by NMR spectroscopy, b: 333 (pioglitazone) or 325 (rosiglitazone) type 2 diabetic men and women with dyslipidemia, following 4-week washout period intervention was divided into two 12-week intervals where dosage increased in second interval, subjects instructed to follow American Heart Association Step One diet throughout the intervention, c: Studies of Targeted Risk Reduction Interventions through Defined Exercise – 22 sedentary, overweight men and women with mild to moderate dyslipidemia (high-amount – high-intensity exercise group), d: values are mean ± SE, e: Veterans Affairs High-Density Lipoprotein Intervention Trial – 515 men with known coronary heart disease, f: Jikei University School of Medicine Hospital – hypertriglyceridemic men (22) and women (2), g: 39 men (M) or 34 women (F) with overt CAD or risk factors who participated in the lifestyle change program, h: University of Maryland, College Park – sedentary healthy men (42) and women (58), subjects followed the American Heart Association Dietary Guidelines for the General Population prior to and throughout exercise training, i: Mayo Clinic – non-diabetic insulin-resistant men (18) and women (19), patients consumed an isocaloric diet for one week prior to baseline and follow-up, j: Jikei University School of Medicine Hospital – 20 hypertriglyceridemic men, k: 295 (baseline) type 2 diabetic men and women with dyslipidemia who received stable doses of rosiglitazone and statins for > 90 days, at enrollment rosiglitazone was discontinued and 30 mg once daily pioglitazone was initiated – at the end of the study, 52% were receiving 30 mg/day, while 48% were receiving 45 mg/day, l: Virginia Commonwealth University – 53 (atorvastatin) or 48 (niacin) men and women with atherogenic dyslipidemia, treatment followed a 6-week lead-in period on a National Cholesterol Education Program Step One diet, m: immediate release (IR), n: Duke University – 60 obese, hyperlipidemic men and women who consumed a low-calorie (1590 kcal/day), low-fat (54 g fat/day) diet for 24 weeks, o: Thomas Jefferson University – 21 (1000 mg) or 20 (2000 mg) men and women with primary hypercholesterolemia, treatment followed an 8-week lead-in phase on an American Heart Association Step One diet, p: extended release (ER), q: Pravastatin Inflammation/CRP Evaluation study – 256 men and women without overt coronary disease, r: median values, s: Pravastatin Limitation of Atherosclerosis in the Coronary Arteries trial – 154 men and women with coronary heart disease, t: Pravastatin Limitation of Atherosclerosis in the Coronary Arteries trial – 130 men and women with coronary heart disease, u: Collaborative AtoRvastatin Diabetes Study – 69 type 2 diabetic men and women with modest dyslipidemia who had a previous myocardial infarction, v: New England Medical Center and University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine – 10 patients received placebo for four weeks then 120 mg torcetrapib daily for four weeks, 6 patients went on to receive 240 mg torcetrapib daily for an additional four weeks.

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ISSN: 1476-511X

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