Table 1 Demographic, clinical, and cognitive characteristics

Age (year)

58.1 ± 8.1

57.7 ± 7.6

55.1 ± 6.5

0.293

Gender (male:female)

13:12

10:12

13:13

0.835

Education levels (years)

9.6 ± 3.8

10.8 ± 3.2

10.5 ± 2.6

0.443

Diabetes duration (years)

10.4 ± 5.8

9.4 ± 6.3

--

0.565

BMI (kg/m²)

24.6 ± 2.9

24.1 ± 2.6

23.8 ± 2.8

0.605

Waist-hip ratio

0.9 ± 0.1

0.9 ± 0.1

0.8 ± 0.1

0.4640.810

Systolic BP (mmHg)

133.6 ± 13.5

130.1 ± 12.5

127.5 ± 13.9

0.357

Diastolic BP (mmHg)

81.1 ± 8.8

80.7 ± 6.8

83.1 ± 8.4

0.627

Hb_A1c (%)

8.3 ± 1.7

7.2 ± 0.7

5.3 ± 0.3

<0.001*

Fasting glucose (mmol/L)

8.3 ± 2.2

7.4 ± 1.1

5.4 ± 0.3

<0.001*

Glucose after 2-h oral glucose tolerance test (mmol/l)

15.5 ± 5.4

14.0 ± 3.1

5.8 ± 1.0

<0.001*

Fasting C-peptide(ng/ml)

2.0 ± 1.0

1.5 ± 0.5

2.0 ± 0.9

0.135

Triglyceride (mg/dl)

159.4 ± 141.7

115.1 ± 106.3

124.0 ± 70.9

0.339

Total cholesterol (mg/dl)

224.3 ± 42.5^a

166.3 ± 19.3

193.3 ± 19.3

<0.001*

LDL (mg/dl)

139.2 ± 23.2^a

92.8 ± 11.6

112.1 ± 19.3

<0.001*

HDL (mg/dl)

54.1 ± 11.6

50.3 ± 11.6

54.1 ± 7.7

0.871

LDL/HDL index

2.8 ± 0.6

1.9 ± 0.5

2.1 ± 0.5

<0.001*

White matter hyperintensity^b

0(0-5)

0(0-6)

0(0-4)

0.498

Lacunar infarcts (yes: no)^c

5:20

4:18

4:22

0.913

Intima-mediathickness, mm

0.9 ± 0.2

1.0 ± 0.2

0.9 ± 0.2

0.359

MMSE

28.0 ± 0.3

28.7 ± 0.5

28.9 ± 0.6

0.350

MoCA

22.4 ± 0.8

23.1 ± 1.1

24.7 ± 1.3

0.421

AVLT

31.3 ± 2.1

27.5 ± 3.0

36.8 ± 3.6

0.092

CFT

34.7 ± 0.4

35.3 ± 0.6

34.4 ± 0.7

0.581

CFT- delayed recall

15.5 ± 1.4

14.6 ± 2.0

16.1 ± 2.4

0.873

TMT-A

71.2 ± 5.7

66.0 ± 8.0

64.2 ± 9.7

0.821

TMT-B

241.2 ± 17.2^a

164.0 ± 24.2

131.9 ± 29.0

0.011*

CDT

3.2 ± 0.2

3.2 ± 0.2

3.3 ± 0.3

0.929

DST

10.6 ± 0.5

12.0 ± 0.8

13.0 ± 0.9

0.176

VFT

18.0 ± 1.1

19.3 ± 1.6

18.4 ± 1.9

0.810