Table 1 General characteristics of study subjects

Age, years

52.56 ± 4.751

53.43 ± 4.231

51.18 ± 5.288

0.082

BMI, kg/m2

23.55 ± 2.624

24.47 ± 2.295

22.10 ± 2.496

0.001

SBP, mmHg

116.4 ± 16.93

120.0 ± 16.84

110.8 ± 15.87

0.046

DBP, mmHg

69.91 ± 11.68

72.17 ± 11.95

66.32 ± 10.50

0.065

TG, mg/dL

117.5 ± 61.40

131.0 ± 54.67

96.00 ± 66.51

0.035

TC, mg/dL

200.8 ± 33.97

195.3 ± 33.97

209.4 ± 32.90

0.129

HDL-C, mg/dL

53.51 ± 10.96

49.94 ± 8.691

59.18 ± 11.95

0.001

LDL-C, mg/dL

123.7 ± 30.55

119.3 ± 31.14

130.7 ± 28.90

0.171

AI

2.848 ± 0.768

2.966 ± 0.680

2.611 ± 0.857

0.142

Apo B, g/L

0.985 ± 0.186

0.998 ± 0.178

0.964 ± 0.201

0.512

FBS, mg/dl

100.7 ± 13.68

104.7 ± 14.98

94.32 ± 8.156

0.004

Insulin, μIU/ml

6.486 ± 3.833

7.178 ± 4.225

5.274 ± 2.718

0.076

HOMA-IR

1.591 ± 1.090

1.886 ± 1.183

1.122 ± 0.726

0.004

Homocysteine, μmol/L

10.44 ± 3.393

11.85 ± 3.343

8.195 ± 2.006

<0.001

HbA1c, %

5.472 ± 0.366

5.543 ± 0.414

5.359 ± 0.240

0.064

hs-CRP, mg/L

0.686 ± 0.597

0.708 ± 0.667

0.652 ± 0.477

0.736

Alcohol intake, wk

66.67 ± 61.94

98.04 ± 54.88

16.77 ± 33.24

<0.001

Total energy intake, %

98.63 ± 18.61

92.54 ± 14.10

108.3 ± 21.01

0.004

Carbohydrate intake, %

90.89 ± 34.92

88.51 ± 41.71

94.68 ± 20.25

0.521

Protein intake, %

109.2 ± 34.01

104.2 ± 32.28

117.0 ± 35.94

0.171

Fat intake, %

126.5 ± 45.45

113.0 ± 40.57

147.8 ± 45.44

0.004

Metabolic syndrome, n (%)

10 (17.54)

8 (22.86)

2 (9.091)

 Central obesity, n (%)

14 (24.56)

10 (28.57)

4 (18.18)

 Hypertriglyceridemia, n (%)

16 (28.07)

12 (34.29)

4 (18.18)

 Low HDL-C, n (%)

12 (21.05)

7 (20.00)

5 (22.73)

 Impaired fasting glucose, n (%)

10 (17.54)

9 (25.71)

1 (4.545)

 Hypertension, n (%)

12 (21.05)

9 (25.71)

3 (13.64)

Postmenopausal, n (%)

10 (45.45)

–

10 (45.45)