Consumption of echium oil increases EPA and DPA in blood fractions more efficiently compared to linseed oil in humans

Kuhnt, Katrin; Weiß, Stefanie; Kiehntopf, Michael; Jahreis, Gerhard

doi:10.1186/s12944-016-0199-2

Lipids in Health and Disease

Table 2 Characteristics of the study subgroups following the run-in period (day 0), prior to receiving echium oil or linseed oil mixture¹

From: Consumption of echium oil increases EPA and DPA in blood fractions more efficiently compared to linseed oil in humans

	Study 1 Echium oil			Study 2 Linseed oil mixture
Subgroups	EOI (n = 20)	EOII (n = 20)	EOIII (n = 19)	LOI (n = 20)	LOII (n = 20)	LOIII (n = 19)
Sex, f/m	10/10	11/9	9/10	10/10	10/10	10/9
BMI group (kg/m²)	18–25	18–25	>25	18–25	18–25	>25
Age group (years)	20–35	49–69	49–69	20–35	49–69	49–69
Repeated participation (%)				40	90	80
Age (years)	28.1 ± 2.86^b	58.8 ± 5.73^a	61.2 ± 6.26^a	25.0 ± 3.43^b	59.0 ± 5.56^a	61.1 ± 7.28^a
Body mass index (kg/m²)	22.0 ± 2.34^b	23.5 ± 2.40^b	30.1 ± 3.30^a	22.3 ± 2.24^b	23.2 ± 2.27^b	29.5 ± 3.26^a
Waist circumference (cm)	80.3 ± 9.10^c	87.2 ± 9.17^b	104 ± 6.75^a‡	80.7 ± 4.95^c	86.3 ± 7.71^b	99.4 ± 7.19^a
Systolic BP (mm Hg)	125 ± 10.4^b*	135 ± 19.9^ab	141 ± 15.6^a‡	133 ± 17.3^b	148 ± 20.2^b	154 ± 24.0^a
Diastolic BP (mm Hg)	82.2 ± 8.9^b	90.1 ± 12.3^a	91.2 ± 7.90^a	82.4 ± 6.68^a	89.5 ± 10.7^a	85.3 ± 19.8^a
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)	4.52 ± 0.68^b	5.82 ± 1.24^a	6.30 ± 1.02^a	4.43 ± 0.80^b	5.58 ± 1.32^a	5.84 ± 1.09^a
HDL-C (mmol/L)	1.43 ± 0.30^a	1.58 ± 0.47^a	1.33 ± 0.32^a	1.39 ± 0.27^a	1.44 ± 0.38^a	1.30 ± 0.33^a
LDL-C (mmol/L)	2.54 ± 0.61^b	3.54 ± 0.89^a	3.95 ± 0.90^a	2.48 ± 0.75^b	3.36 ± 0.98^a	3.70 ± 0.97^a
LDL-C/HDL-C	1.87 ± 0.67^b	2.37 ± 0.66^b	3.08 ± 0.75^a	1.86 ± 0.70^b	2.42 ± 0.70^a	2.90 ± 0.83^a
Triglycerides (mmol/L)	0.89 ± 0.36^b	1.14 ± 0.42^b	1.82 ± 0.88^a‡	0.97 ± 0.39^a	1.31 ± 0.94^a	1.39 ± 0.51^a
Oxidized LDL (mmol/L)	67.7 ± 12.7^c*	80.3 ± 11.4^b*	92.9 ± 13.2^a*	49.9 ± 18.0^b	60.8 ± 15.2^a	66.6 ± 14.2^a
High sensitivity CRP (mg/L)	0.68 ± 0.62^a	1.35 ± 2.03^a	2.12 ± 2.41^a	1.32 ± 1.60^a	1.25 ± 1.50^a	1.64 ± 1.43^a
Insulin (mU/L)	6.03 ± 2.35^b	9.75 ± 5.90^a	11.6 ± 4.77^a	6.22 ± 2.57^b	7.96 ± 4.92^a	10.8 ± 6.78^a

¹Values are means ± SD. C cholesterol. EO echium oil, LO linseed oil mixture; I, age 20–35 years and BMI 18–25 kg/m²; II, age 49–69 years and BMI 18–25 kg/m²; III, age 49–69 years and BMI >25 kg/m². P values were analyzed using the generalized linear mixed model ANOVA
^abcWithin one oil treatment, means within a row with different superscript letters are significantly different between subgroups (P ≤ 0.05)
*Mean values are significantly different between the respective EO and LO subgroups (I, II, III) (*P ≤ 0.05, ^‡ P 0.05 < 0.10)

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