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Table 3 Percent change of FA in plasma, RBC, and PBMC in echium oil vs. linseed oil groups and in control groups after 8-weeks treatment1

From: Consumption of echium oil increases EPA and DPA in blood fractions more efficiently compared to linseed oil in humans

Change of FA, %

Study 1 Echium oil (n = 59)

Study 2 Linseed oil mixture (n = 59)

Treatment effect EO vs. LO P2

Control groups

Fish oil (n = 19)

Olive oil (n = 18)

Plasma

      

 n-3 PUFA

ALA

230 ± 13b†

314 ± 20a†

0.001

−8 ± 4c

14 ± 5c†

 

SDA

789 ± 69a†

159 ± 13b†

<0.001

59 ± 19b†

22 ± 14b

 

ETA

406 ± 32a†

124 ± 10b†

<0.001

53 ± 12b†

27 ± 10b†

 

EPA

168 ± 8b†

67 ± 6c†

<0.001

646 ± 75a†

4 ± 6d

 

DPA

68 ± 4b†

31 ± 3c†

<0.001

113 ± 13a†

−1 ± 2d

 

DHA

−3 ± 3b

−11 ± 2b†

0.008

39 ± 8a†

−5 ± 3b

 n-6 PUFA

LA

−9 ± 1b†

3 ± 1a†

<0.001

−13 ± 2b†

−8 ± 1b†

 

GLA

276 ± 23a†

−11 ± 3b†

<0.001

−16 ± 4b†

7 ± 6b

 

DGLA

67 ± 5a†

−10 ± 2bc†

<0.001

−26 ± 4c†

6 ± 3b

 

AA

14 ± 2a†

−1 ± 2b

<0.001

3 ± 3ab

0 ± 3b

 

22:5n-6

−20 ± 3b†

−9 ± 3b†

0.006

−38 ± 7b†

12 ± 5a

RBC

      

 n-3 PUFA

ALA

156 ± 32b†

201 ± 9a†

<0.001

−12 ± 5c

8 ± 3c†

 

SDA

405 ± 54a†

135 ± 22b†

<0.001

6 ± 13c

49 ± 35b

 

ETA

243 ± 22a†

106 ± 7b†

<0.001

24 ± 6c

9 ± 4c

 

EPA

85 ± 12b†

32 ± 4c†

<0.001

351 ± 35a†

−10 ± 3d†

 

DPA

32 ± 8b†

12 ± 2c†

<0.001

75 ± 16a†

−4 ± 2d

 

DHA

−4 ± 2b†

−10 ± 2b†

0.15

10 ± 9a

−9 ± 2b†

 n-6 PUFA

LA

11 ± 3a

1 ± 1b

<0.001

−11 ± 4b

−4 ± 1b†

 

GLA

144 ± 16a†

0 ± 4b

<0.001

1 ± 2b

7 ± 6b

 

DGLA

48 ± 9a†

−5 ± 1b†

<0.001

−15 ± 3b

3 ± 1b

 

AA

17 ± 3a†

−1 ± 1b

<0.001

2 ± 4b

0 ± 1b

 

22:5n-6

−2 ± 4a

−4 ± 1a†

0.43

−29 ± 5b†

6 ± 2a

PBMC

      

 n-3 PUFA

ALA

147 ± 20b†

368 ± 28a†

<0.001

70 ± 43bc

13 ± 8c

 

SDA

424 ± 78a†

103 ± 34b

<0.001

−2 ± 24b

47 ± 45b

 

ETA

388 ± 35a†

81 ± 5b†

<0.001

38 ± 6b†

27 ± 19b

 

EPA

97 ± 9b†

45 ± 5c†

0.005

564 ± 57a†

−1 ± 4d

 

DPA

42 ± 5b†

27 ± 2c†

0.006

94 ± 8a†

3 ± 2c

 

DHA

−20 ± 3b†

−15 ± 1b†

0.12

2 ± 5a

−4 ± 2ab

 n-6 PUFA

LA

8 ± 2a

5 ± 1a

0.42

6 ± 3a

−7 ± 2b†

 

GLA

128 ± 14a†

−1 ± 4b

<0.001

12 ± 15b

7 ± 4b

 

DGLA

47 ± 17a†

−1 ± 1b†

<0.001

−15 ± 3b†

6 ± 2b

 

AA

−2 ± 3a

−2 ± 1a†

0.92

−10 ± 2b†

2 ± 1a

 

22:5n-6

−17 ± 6a†

−8 ± 2a†

0.17

−48 ± 3b†

8 ± 4a

  1. 1Values are means ± SEM; adjusted means not shown. Change is from day 0 to day 56. EO echium oil, ETA 20:4n-3, eicosatetraenoic acid, LO linseed oil mixture, RBC red blood cells, PBMC peripheral blood mononuclear cells. P values were analyzed using the generalized linear mixed model ANCOVA with sex, age, BMI, baseline value as covariates
  2. 2 P values for the treatment effect including only EO and LO groups
  3. abcMeans with different superscript letters are significantly different between all treatments (P ≤ 0.05)
  4. Within one oil treatment, means are significantly different between day 0 and day 56 (repeated measures; P ≤ 0.05)