Skip to main content

Table 4 Final EPA, DPA, and DHA in plasma, RBC, and PBMC in echium oil vs. linseed oil groups and in control groups after 8-weeks treatment1

From: Consumption of echium oil increases EPA and DPA in blood fractions more efficiently compared to linseed oil in humans

% of total FAME

Study 1 Echium oil (n = 59)

Study 2 Linseed oil mixture (n = 59)

Treatment effect EO vs. LO P 2

Control groups

Fish oil (n = 19)

Olive oil (n = 18)

Plasma

     

 EPA

1.63 ± 0.51b

1.07 ± 0.36c

<0.001

3.91 ± 0.99a

0.55 ± 0.20d

 DPA

0.72 ± 0.14b

0.54 ± 0.11c

<0.001

0.84 ± 0.23a

0.43 ± 0.11d

 DHA

1.49 ± 0.42bd

1.39 ± 0.34c

0.009

1.93 ± 0.55a

1.29 ± 0.39cd

RBC

     

 EPA

1.51 ± 0.33b

1.11 ± 0.31c

0.001

2.05 ± 0.28a

0.67 ± 0.23d

 DPA

2.68 ± 0.38ab

2.44 ± 0.36ab

0.049

2.94 ± 0.37a

2.07 ± 0.33c

 DHA

3.80 ± 0.83ab

3.62 ± 0.74ab

0.35

4.15 ± 0.73a

3.39 ± 0.89b

PBMC

     

 EPA

0.69 ± 0.21b

0.54 ± 0.14c

<0.001

1.91 ± 0.45a

0.30 ± 0.07d

 DPA

2.37 ± 0.55b

2.11 ± 0.37c

<0.001

3.28 ± 0.38a

1.68 ± 0.23d

 DHA

1.38 ± 0.39d

1.53 ± 0.34b

0.003

1.71 ± 0.28ac

1.51 ± 0.33bc

  1. 1Values are means ± SD; adjusted means are not shown. EO, echium oil, LO linseed oil mixture, PBMC peripheral blood mononuclear cells, RBC red blood cells. P values were analyzed using the generalized linear mixed model ANCOVA with sex, age, BMI, baseline value as covariates
  2. 2 P values for the treatment effect including only EO and LO groups
  3. abcMeans with different superscript letters are significantly different between all treatment groups (P ≤ 0.05)