Table 1 Characteristics of participants at baseline

Age (years)

51.05 ± 15.67

44.29 ± 18.1

0.001

BMI (kg/m²)

26.85 ± 5.25

26.09 ± 3.75

NS

NC (cm)

36.31 ± 7.84

38.19 ± 5.94

NS

WC (cm)

84.51 ± 8.56

87.96 ± 12.56

NS

HC (cm)

99.1 ± 8.66

94.66 ± 12.68

<0.001

WHR

0.89 ± 0.08

0.97 ± 0.06

<0.001

FPG (mmol/L)

6.16 ± 1.39

6.86 ± 1.31

NS

HbA1c (%)

5.92 ± 0.67

6.13 ± 0.98

NS

TC (mmol/L)

5.51 ± 1.19

5.29 ± 1.09

NS

TG (mmol/L)

1.79 ± 0.98

2.01 ± 1.19

<0.001

HDL-C (mmol/L)

1.53 ± 0.35

1.33 ± 0.26

NS

LDL-C (mmol/L)

3.51 ± 1.08

3.48 ± 0.88

NS

SBP (mm Hg)

135.71 ± 15.14

133.41 ± 16.84

NS

DBP (mm Hg)

77.66 ± 8.47

78.96 ± 8.65

NS

Smoking (n, %)

2690 (40.17 %)

3547 (60.96 %)

NS

Alcohol drinking (n, %)

893 (13.34 %)

985 (16.93 %)

NS