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Table 2 Nutrient dietary intake at baseline and after 6 months of dietary intervention

From: Effects of sardine-enriched diet on metabolic control, inflammation and gut microbiota in drug-naïve patients with type 2 diabetes: a pilot randomized trial

 

Baseline

 

6 Months

   
 

Sardine group (n = 12)

Control group (n = 11)

 

Sardine group (n = 12)

Control group (n = 11)

   
   

P valuea

  

P value b

P within SG c

P within CG c

Energy (kcal/day)

1829.5 ± 129.9

1758.5 ± 150.7

0.74

1626.2 ± 89.2

1687.2 ± 128.6

0.30

0.02

0.53

Carbohydrates (g/day)

163.8 ± 13.9

146.8 ± 11.7

0.83

141.6 ± 10.8

136.3 ± 14.1

0.82

0.18

0.18

Protein (g/day)

92.0 ± 6.7

87.3 ± 7.9

0.83

83.9 ± 4.8

83.5 ± 5.0

0.85

0.24

0.42

Fat (g/day)

88.3 ± 4.8

84.4 ± 8.1

0.41

79.2 ± 4.5

83.7 ± 5.8

0.27

0.01

0.86

SFAd (g/day)

25.3 ± 2.7

22.6 ± 3.0

0.41

18.6 ± 1.6

21.6 ± 2.2

0.11

0.003

0.72

MUFAe (g/day)

44.8 ± 2.3

42.0 ± 3.3

0.26

40.6 ± 1.9

43.3 ± 2.8

0.25

0.07

0.66

PUFAf (g/day)

11.4 ± 0.6

12.4 ± 1.6

0.93

13.0 ± 1.2

12.0 ± 1.5

0.21

0.21

0.79

EPAg + DHAh (g/day)

0.4 ± 0.1

0.2 ± 0.02

0.15

3.2 ± 0.1

0.4 ± 0.1

<0.001

0.002

0.16

Total n-3 PUFAi (g/day)

1.6 ± 0.2

1.5 ± 0.2

0.60

4.7 ± 0.2

1.3 ± 0.1

<0.001

0.002

0.12

Taurine (mg/day)

61.0 ± 10.9

53.6 ± 7.6

0.95

168.2 ± 9.4

58.7 ± 6.3

<0.001

0.002

0.53

Fat (% Energy)

44.4 ± 1.9

43.1 ± 1.6

0.53

43.8 ± 0.8

44.9 ± 0.9

0.60

0.58

0.25

SFA (% Energy)

12.3 ± 0.8

11.3 ± 0.8

0.49

10.2 ± 0.4

11.3 ± 0.5

0.06

0.03

0.97

MUFA (% Energy)

22.8 ± 1.4

21.9 ± 1.0

0.65

22.7 ± 0.9

23.8 ± 1.2

0.45

0.58

0.13

PUFA (% Energy)

5.8 ± 0.4

6.2 ± 0.4

0.75

7.1 ± 0.5

6.3 ± 0.4

0.01

0.04

0.72

Dietary fiber (g/day)

15.5 ± 1.3

18.9 ± 2.5

0.41

17.3 ± 1.2

15.1 ± 1.5

0.03

0.08

0.08

  1. Values are mean ± SE
  2. a Intergroup comparisons at baseline by Mann-Whitney’s U test
  3. b Differences between groups at 6 months adjusted for baseline values (ANCOVA)
  4. c Intragroup comparisons by Wilcoxon signed-rank test
  5. d SFA: saturated fatty acid
  6. e MUFA: monounsaturated fatty acid
  7. f PUFA: polysaturated fatty acid
  8. g EPA: eicosapentanoic acid
  9. h DHA: docosahexanoic acid
  10. i n-3 PUFA: omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acid