Table 1 Characteristics of included studies regarding n-3 PUFA from any source and inflammation markers in T2DM
Intervention arm | Control arm | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Author/year [reference number] | Study type | Type of patient | Location of study | Number included/Number completed | Age (y) (Mean ± SD) | Duration (wk) | N-3 PUFA source | Dose (g/d) | Placebo | Quality |
Brinton 2013 [21] | RCT | T2DM | USA | 513/501 | >18 | 12 | Icosapent ethyl (EPA) | 4, 2 | placebo | A |
Azizi-Soleiman 2013 [16] | RCT | T2DM | Iran | 60/45 | 59.4 ± 8.2 | 12 | EPA or DHA | 1 | Canola oil | B |
Lee 2014 [17] | RCT | Early-stage T2DM or MetS | USA | 80/59 | 57.9 | 8 | EPA + DHA | 6 | Corn oil | B |
Malekshahi Moghadam 2012 [18] | RCT | T2DM | Iran | 84/NA | 45–85 (mean 54.2) | 8 | EPA + DHA | 2.7 | Sunflower oil | B |
Mori 2003 [19] | RCT | Treated-hypertensive T2DM | Australia | 59/51 | 61.2 ± 1.2 | 6 | EPA or DHA | 4 | Olive oil | C |
Pooya 2008 [20] | RCT | T2DM | Iran | 90/81 | 45–85 (mean 54.5) | 8 | EPA + DHA | 2.2 | Sunflower oil | B |
Soleimani 2015 [23] | RCT | T2DM with diabetic nephropathy (DN) | Iran | 60/60 | 45–85 (mean 62.6) | 12 | Flaxseed oil (ALA) | 1 | placebo | B |
Wong 2015 [22] | RCT | T2DM without prior cardiovasular disease | China | 97/91 | 60 ± 9 (Mean 60.1) | 12 | Fish oil (42 % EPA +25 % DHA) | 4 | Olive oil | A |