Table 1 Clinical and biochemical factors in the total study sample, participants without metabolic syndrome and participants with metabolic syndrome

Age (years)

52.00 (46.00, 59.88)

51.00 (45.00, 56.00)

56.50 (49.00, 62.25)^b

51.00 (45.00, 56.50)

56.00 (49.00, 62.00)^b

Sex (men, women), n (%)

159 (56)/ 125(44)

85 (48)/ 93 (52)

74 (70)/ 32 (30)^a

93 (49)/ 96 (51)

66 (69)/ 29 (31)^a

HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L)

1.29 (1.08, 1.51)

1.38 (1.21, 1.58)

1.09 (0.94, 1.29)^b

1.38 (1.20, 1.58)

1.08 (0.94, 1.25)^b

LDL-cholesterol (mmol/L)

3.43 (2.91, 4.04)

3.46 (2.97, 4.06)

3.30 (2.73, 3.92)

3.45 (2.94, 3.95)

3.38 (2.90, 4.10)

Triglycerides (mmol/L)

1.15 (0.86, 1.62)

1.05 (0.76, 1.30)

1.61 (1.14, 2.18)^b

1.05 (0.77, 1.30)

1.70 (1.13, 2.33)^b

Glucose (mmol/L)

4.99 (4.72, 5.35)

4.90 (4.69, 5.17)

5.22 (4.86, 5.71)^b

4.90 (4.68, 5.17)

5.24 (4.90, 5.82)^b

Insulin (mU/L)

8.20 (5.80, 11.85)

6.80 (4.90, 9.20)

11.30 (8.65, 14.00)^b

6.80 (5.00, 9.05)

11.80 (9.10, 14.87)^b

 Hypertension (no/yes), n (%)

213 (75)/ 49 (17.3)

152 (85.4)/ 14 (7.9)

61 (57.5)/ 35 (33)^a

155 (82)/ 20 (10.6)

58 (61.1)/ 29 (30.5)^a

 Hypercholesterolemia (no/yes), n (%)

161 (56.7)/ 109 (38.4)

118 (66.3)/ 52 (29.2)

43 (40.6)/ 57 (53.8)^a

122 (64.6)/ 57 (30.2)

39 (41.1)/ 52 (54.7)^a

 Type 2 diabetes mellitus (no/yes), n (%)

250 (88)/ 14 (4.9)

165 (92.7)/ 2 (1.1)

85 (80.2)/ 12 (11.3)^a

175 (92.6)/ 2 (1.1)

75 (78.9)/ 12 (12.6)^a

 SBP (mmHg)

123.00 (114.00, 133.50)

118.00 (109.75, 127.00)

133.00 (124.75, 138.00)^b

118.50 (110.00, 128.00)

133.00 (125.25, 138.00)^b

 DBP (mmHg)

79.00 (70.00, 86.00)

75.25 (69.00, 82.40)

84.00 (77.00, 90.00)^b

76.00 (69.00, 83.00)

85.00 (77.00, 90.00)^b

 BMI (kg/m²)

27.25 (24.73, 31.00)

25.40 (23.90, 29.00)

29.80 (27.20, 32.40)^b

25.70 (23.95, 28.85)

30.00 (28.00, 32.70)^b

 Waist circumference (cm)

96.00 (86.00, 106.00)

90.00 (81.25, 98.88)

103.00 (97.75, 111.25)^b

90.00 (82.00, 99.00)

105.00 (98.00, 112.00)^b

 IL-6 plasma concentration (pg/mL)

1.621 (0.983, 2.696)

1.392 (0.897, 2.209)

2.152 (1.274, 3.026)^b

1.394 (0.897, 2.329)

2.099 (1.391, 3.036)^b

 Adiponectin plasma concentration (μg/mL)

7.419 (4.763, 10.516)

8.471 (5.883, 12.944)

5.546 (3.799, 8.693)^b

8.473 (5.680, 12.579)

5.476 (4.072, 8.454)^b