Table 3 Summary of animal studies using LCMUFA concentrate oil (LCMUFA: 58~80%; n-3 PUFA: <0.1%)

[42]

Diet-induced obese mice C57BL/6J (n = 10/group)

Hight-fat diet

(42% energy from fat)

supplemented 5% LCMUFA or not (control)

6 weeks

Plasma TC, LDL-C reduction;

Insulin resistance improvement;

Anti-inflammation (Decreased plasma resistin levels and inflammatory gene expressions);

Increase in n-3 PUFA and decrease in n-6 PUFA in liver

[43]

Spontaneous Type II diabetic mice KKAy (n = 10/group)

Chow diet

supplemented 4% LCMUFA or soybean oil (control)

8 weeks

Plasma TC, FFA, insulin and leptin reduction;

Adipocyte size reduction;

Upregulation of Pparg family genes

[46]

ApoE-KO mice (n = 13-15/group)

Western diet

(42% energy from fat)

supplemented 5% LCMUFA or not (control)

12 weeks

Plasma TC, LDL-C reduction;

Atherosclerotic lesion area reduction;

Anti-inflammation (Decreased macrophage and inflammatory gene expression in aorta);

Upregulation of PPAR signaling pathway in liver

[46]

LDLR-KO mice (n = 12/group)

Western diet

(42% energy from fat)

supplemented 2% LCMUFA, olive oil, or not (control)

12 weeks

No change in plasma lipid levels;

Atherosclerotic lesion area reduction;

Anti-inflammation (Decreased plasma inflammatory cytokine levels and in aorta);

Upregulation of PPAR signaling pathway in liver;

Increase in n-3 PUFA and decrease in arachidonic acid (C20:4 n-6) in plasma and liver

[48]

Diet-induced obese Wistar rats (n = 6/group)

High-fat diet

(42% energy from fat)

supplemented 6.5% LCMUFA, n-3 PUFA, or not (control)

3 weeks

No change in plasma lipid levels;

Stimulation of peroxisomal β-oxidation in liver;

Increase in n-3 PUFA and decrease in arachidonic acid (C20:4 n-6) in plasma and liver