Milk protein-based formulas containing different oils affect fatty acids balance in term infants: A randomized blinded crossover clinical trial

Souza, Carolina Oliveira de; Leite, Maria Efigênia Q.; Lasekan, John; Baggs, Geraldine; Pinho, Lorena Silva; Druzian, Janice Izabel; Ribeiro, Tereza Cristina M.; Mattos, Ângela P.; Menezes-Filho, José A.; Costa-Ribeiro, Hugo

doi:10.1186/s12944-017-0457-y

Lipids in Health and Disease

Table 3 Intake and excretion of fat, fatty acids, and calcium of infants fed PALM and NoPALM formulas^*

From: Milk protein-based formulas containing different oils affect fatty acids balance in term infants: A randomized blinded crossover clinical trial

Variables	PALM (n = 17)	NoPALM (n = 17)
FORMULA INTAKE (g/kg/day)	111.69 (85.30–166.92)	115.88 (69.54–144.48)
FAT (g/kg/day)
Intake	4.62 (3,51–7.88)	4.54 (2.75–5.70)
Excretion	0.22 (0.10–0.34)	0.14 (0.03–0.44)^a
FATTY ACIDS (mg/kg/day)
Lauric acid (12:0)
Intake	414.68 (324.4–593.58)	600.36 (363.92–752.36)^b
Excretion	4.08 (1.60–5.02)	1.74 (0.38–2.34)^e
Myristic acid (14:0)
Intake	159.46 (124.74–228.26)	227.80 (138.08–285.48)^b
Excretion	3.00 (1.18–9.56)	2.80 (0.60–6.02)
Palmitic acid (16:0)
Intake	1177.96 (921.50–1686.14)	320.14 (196.06–401.18)^b
Excretion	29.42 (13.20–113.14)	12.28 (2.86–24.74)^b
Stearic acid (18:0)
Intake	172.14 (134.66–246.40)	133.22 (80.74–166.94)^b
Excretion	5.40 (2.18–18.06)	7.48 (1.76–15.74)
Oleic acid (18:1n9)
Intake	2471.8 (1932.86–3536.70)	2202.12 (1334.84–2759.58)
Excretion	21.86 (11.14–73.36)	21.14 (6.52–124.64)
Linoleic acid (18:2n6)
Intake	825.86 (646.06–1182.14)	930.68 (564.14–1166.28)
Excretion	8.18 (4.38–20.90)	5.36 (0.92–10.42)^f
Linolenic acid (18:3n3)
Intake	96.66 (75.62–138.36)	68.88 (41.76–86.32)^b
Excretion	0.58 (0.32–1.78)	0.18 (0.00–0.62)^g
Arachidic acid (20:0)
Intake	20.72 (16.20–29.64)	9.64 (5.84–12.08)^b
Excretion	0.48 (0.18–1.48)	0.40 (0.00–0.88)
Eicosenoic acid (20:1n9)
Intake	17.76 (13.90–25.44)	10.90 (6.60–13.66)^b
Excretion	0.48 (0.20–1.04)	0.26 (0.00–0.98)^h
Arachidonic acid (20:4n6)
Intake	12.44 (9.74–17.82)	18.26 (11.08–22.88)^b
Excretion	0.34 (0.00–0.68)	0.36 (0.00–2.24)
Behenic acid (22:0)
Intake	21.72 (17.00–31.12)	44.72 (27.08–56.40)^b
Excretion	0.56 (0.00–2.20)	1.64 (0.00–4.32)^b
Docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n3)
Intake	8.34 (7.00–12.80)	7.72 (4.68–9.68)^c
Excretion	1.42 (0.00–7.42)	0.20 (0.00–2.72)ⁱ
Total Fatty Acids
Intake	5388.26 (4215.20–7712.82)	4552.06 (2759.28–5704.42)^d
Excretion	94.36 (52.34–251.62)	61.30 (13.82–78.38)^j
CALCIUM (mg/kg/day)
Intake	47.20 (35.90–70.30)	73.50 (44.60–92.20)^b
Fecal Excretion	29.01 (9.06–49.99)	30.90 (3.00–50.53)
Urinary Excretion	1.62 (0.65–3.43)	1.53 (0.32–2.83)

^*Values are median (min ± max). ^b = p < 0.001; ^c = p = 0.011; ^d = p = 0.005; ^h = 0.004; ⁱ = 0.011
^a = Significant carryover effect (p = 0.071); therefore, valid period I significant difference (p = 0.027)
^e = Significant carryover effect (p = 0.016); therefore, valid period I significant difference (p = 0.004)
^f = Significant carryover effect (p = 0.016); therefore, valid period I significant difference (p = 0.043)
^g = Significant carryover effect (p = 0.010); therefore, valid period I significant difference (p = 0.004)
^j = Significant carryover effect (p = 0.032); therefore, valid period I significant difference (p = 0.009)

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