Glutamate excitotoxicity induced by orally administered propionic acid, a short chain fatty acid can be ameliorated by bee pollen

Table 1 Mean ± S.D. of the absolute and relative concentrations of GABA, Glu, and Gln in control, PPA-intoxicated and PPA-intoxicated and pollen-treated rat pups

Parameter	Group	N	Mean ± S.D	Percent Change	P value^a	P value^b
GABA (ng/100 mg)	Control	6	2.95 ± 0.24	100.00
	PPA-acute	6	1.40 ± 0.29	47.54	0.001
	PPA-sub-acute	6	1.04 ± 0.25	35.26	0.001	0.042
	PPA –acute-Pollen	6	1.70 ± 0.24	57.67	0.001	0.079
Glu (μg/mg)	Control	6	1.44 ± 0.11	100.00
	PPA-acute	6	3.05 ± 0.27	211.56	0.001
	PPA-sub-acute	6	2.11 ± 0.18	146.47	0.001	0.001
	PPA –acute-Pollen	6	1.85 ± 0.10	128.09	0.05	0.001
GABA/Glu	Control	6	2.04 ± 0.06	100.00
	PPA-acute	6	0.46 ± 0.11	22.67	0.001
	PPA-sub-acute	6	0.50 ± 0.14	24.30	0.001	0.658
	PPA –acute-Pollen	6	0.92 ± 0.11	44.98	0.046	0.001
Gln (μg/mg)	Control	6	0.70 ± 0.07	100.00
	PPA-acute	6	0.64 ± 0.08	92.33	0.272
	PPA-sub-acute	6	0.60 ± 0.14	86.58	0.176	0.559
	PPA –acute-Pollen	6	0.71 ± 0.05	101.91	0.722	0.126
Glue/Gln	Control	6	2.09 ± 0.19	100.00
	PPA-acute	6	4.80 ± 0.52	230.02	0.001
	PPA- sub-acute	6	3.65 ± 0.81	174.83	0.004	0.015
	PPA –acute-Pollen	6	2.62 ± 0.30	125.78	0.004	0.001

ISSN: 1476-511X