Table 2 Summary of health effects of punicic acid (PA) on animal and human model
From: Punicic acid: A striking health substance to combat metabolic syndromes in humans
Level of PA | Study model system | Mechanism of activity | Outcomes | Authors |
|---|---|---|---|---|
5% punicic acid | ICR CD-1 mice | ↑ CPTI activity | Decreased perirenal and epididymal fat | [46] |
5% pomegranate seed (punicic acid) | OLEFT rats | ↓ ∆9 desaturase activity | Adipose tissues weight reduction | [44] |
1% punicic acid | C57Bl/J6 mice | - | Adipose tissues weight reduction | [17] |
10-100 μM mixture of CLnA isomers (cis-9,trans-11,cis-15, and cis-9,trans-13,cis-15) | 3T3-L1 cells | ↑ HSL and ATGL gene expression | Decreased triglyceride content | [75] |
10 and 50 μg/mL pomegranate seed (punicic acid) | 3T3-L1 cells | ↓ PPARƳ and C/EBPβ↓ FAS | Decreased adipogenesis and preadipocyte differentiation | [56] |
Punicic acid | C57Bl/J6 mice | - | Insulin sensitivity enhanced in peripheral area | [46] |
Punicic acid | 3T3-L1 cells and obese mice | PPARα and PPARβ activation | Improved glucose tolerance, with diabetes improvement | [76] |
Punicic acid | HepG2 cells | ↓ apoB100 secretion. Inhibition of stearoyl CoA desaturase | ↓ Plasma triacylglycerides. Upgraded saturated/monounsaturated fatty acid ratio | [47] |
Catalpic acid, jacaric acid, calendic acid, eleostearic acid and punicic acid, | Microsomes from sheep vesicular glands | Inhibition of cyclooxygenase activity (inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis) | Anti-inflammatory activity | [77] |
Punicic acid | Sheep | Inhibit cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase activity | Anti-inflammatory activity | [78] |
Pomegranate extract (punicic acid) | 3T3-L1 cells | PPARƳ receptor activator and agonist (inhibit NF-κβ expression, declined serum IL-6 and TNF-α) | Decreased chronic inflammation | [76] |
Alpha-Eleostearic and punicic acid | Diabetic rats | Inhibit NF-κβ expression. Declined serum IL-6 and TNF-α. | Anti-inflammatory activity | [37] |
Punicic acid (70% pomegranate seed oil) | - | Decreased expression PPARγ and C/EBPs, and fatty acid synthase | Suppresses adipocyte differentiation and lipid accumulation | [56] |
Punicic acid | Ovariectomized (OVX) mice | Down-regulate the expression of osteoclast differentiation markers and RANK-RANKL downstream signaling targets in osteoclast-like cells (RAW264.7) | Improved bone mineral density and prevented trabecular micro-architecture impairment | [63] |
Dietary mono-conjugated alpha-linolenic acid isomers | Neonatal pig | - | Safe for animals | [72] |
Pomegranate seed oil | Rats | - | Improved insulin secretion | [48] |