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Table 4 Unsaturated fatty acids (% of total oils) of sorghum at different pre-treatments before and after germination

From: Lipids characterization of ultrasound and microwave processed germinated sorghum

Processing type

Growth conditions & treatments

Before germination

After germination

Raw seed

T1

T2

T3

T4

T0

T1

T2

T3

T4

Palmitoleic acid (C16:1)

 Untreated

0.43 ± 0.02b

-

-

-

-

0.48 ± 0.02a

-

-

-

-

 MW

-

0.43 ± 0.01b

0.43 ± 0.02b

0.43 ± 0.02b

0.44 ± 0.04b

-

0.47 ± 0.01a

0.48 ± 0.02a

0.48 ± 0.02a

0.49 ± 0.05a

 US

-

0.43 ± 0.02b

0.43 ± 0.02b

0.44 ± 0.03b

0.45 ± 0.05b

-

0.47 ± 0.01a

0.47 ± 0.01a

0.48 ± 0.03a

0.48 ± 0.04a

 MW & US

-

0.43 ± 0.02b

0.44 ± 0.03b

0.45 ± 0.04b

0.45 ± 0.05b

-

0.47 ± 0.01a

0.48 ± 0.02a

0.49 ± 0.04a

0.49 ± 0.05a

Oleic acid (C18:1)

 Untreated

37.15 ± 0.10a

-

-

-

-

34.1 ± 0.11b

-

-

-

-

 MW

-

37.12 ± 0.11a

37.15 ± 0.11a

37.15 ± 0.13a

37.17 ± 0.15a

-

34.04 ± 0.10b

34.1 ± 0.10b

34.10 ± 0.11b

34.12 ± 0.14b

 US

-

37.15 ± 0.13a

37.15 ± 0.13a

37.18 ± 0.11a

37.20 ± 0.14a

-

34.08 ± 0.12b

34.11 ± 0.12b

34.11 ± 0.10b

34.15 ± 0.13b

 MW & US

-

37.17 ± 0.14a

37.17 ± 0.14a

37.20 ± 0.15a

37.20 ± 0.14a

-

34.12 ± 0.13b

34.14 ± 0.10b

34.15 ± 0.11b

34.15 ± 0.11b

Linoleic acid (C18:2)

 Untreated

43.33 ± 0.21a

-

-

-

-

43.45 ± 0.22a

-

-

 

-

 MW

-

43.39 ± 0.26a

43.45 ± 0.29a

43.47 ± 0.29a

43.53 ± 0.30a

-

43.48 ± 0.24a

43.52 ± 0.26a

43.55 ± 0.26a

43.57 ± 0.31a

 US

-

43.33 ± 0.21a

43.34 ± 0.20a

43.46 ± 0.27a

43.46 ± 0.28a

-

43.42 ± 0.21a

43.42 ± 0.21a

43.47 ± 0.25a

43.48 ± 0.25a

 MW & US

-

43.42 ± 0.23a

43.44 ± 0.23a

43.47 ± 0.29a

43.47 ± 0.30a

-

43.45 ± 0.22a

43.46 ± 0.22a

43.57 ± 0.29a

43.57 ± 0.31a

Linolenic acid (C18:3)

 Untreated

1.55 ± 0.04b

-

-

-

-

1.89 ± 0.07a

-

-

 

-

 MW

-

1.54 ± 0.04d

1.54 ± 0.04d

1.56 ± 0.05cd

1.58 ± 0.06c

-

1.85 ± 0.05bc

1.85 ± 0.05bc

1.91 ± 0.10b

1.93 ± 0.11ab

 US

-

1.55 ± 0.04d

1.56 ± 0.05cd

1.59 ± 0.06c

1.60 ± 0.09c

-

1.86 ± 0.05bc

1.86 ± 0.08bc

1.94 ± 0.12ab

1.96 ± 0.12a

 MW & US

-

1.55 ± 0.05d

1.57 ± 0.06cd

1.58 ± 0.08c

1.59 ± 0.08c

-

1.87 ± 0.06bc

1.90 ± 0.01b

1.93 ± 0.11ab

1.96 ± 0.12a

Eicosenoic acid (C20:1)

 Untreated

0.37 ± 0.02a

-

-

-

-

0.34 ± 0.01b

-

-

 

-

 MW

-

0.37 ± 0.02ab

0.37 ± 0.02ab

0.39 ± 0.02a

0.40 ± 0.03a

-

0.34 ± 0.02b

0.35 ± 0.01b

0.35 ± 0.02b

0.38 ± 0.03a

 US

-

0.31 ± 0.01bc

0.32 ± 0.01bc

0.35 ± 0.01b

0.35 ± 0.02b

-

0.3 ± 0.01c

0.3 ± 0.01c

0.32 ± 0.02bc

0.33 ± 0.03bc

 MW & US

-

0.35 ± 0.02b

0.37 ± 0.03ab

0.40 ± 0.03a

0.40 ± 0.04a

-

0.33 ± 0.02bc

0.34 ± 0.01b

0.39 ± 0.04a

0.39 ± 0.04a

  1. Values are mean ± SEM (n = 3). Values in same row within each processing parameter with different letters were significantly different from each other (p ≤ 0. 05)
  2. T 0 : Control germinated sample;
  3. T 1 , T 2 , T 3 , T 4 : Different treatments
  4. MW: Microwave processing; US: Ultrasonic processing
  5. MW & US: Microwave & ultrasonic combined processing