Table 1 Demographic, anthropometric and clinical characteristics of all participants

Sex (m/f)

42/24

41/26

36/19

30/18

Age (y)

40.03 ± 10.17

48.38 ± 12.13^a

47.74 ± 13.30^a

49.18 ± 12.25^a

BMI (kg/m ²)

20.41 ± 2.06

22.58 ± 0.75^a

26.19 ± 1.03^ab

29.49 ± 2.17^abc

WC (cm)

78.23 ± 9.11

88.25 ± 6.03^a

93.51 ± 7.79^ab

98.06 ± 9.65^ab

Body fat (%)

20.23 ± 4.82

25.25 ± 4.93^a

30.79 ± 3.90^ab

31.32 ± 3.07^ab

SBP (mmHg)

114.74 ± 10.44

131.91 ± 19.92^a

130.87 ± 14.90^a

126.44 ± 10.55^a

DBP (mmHg)

79.42 ± 7.93

84.75 ± 7.57^a

88.30 ± 8.72^a

85.94 ± 6.53^a

FBG (mmol/L)

5.28 ± 0.46

6.22 ± 1.66^a

5.54 ± 0.70^b

6.28 ± 1.33^ac

Fasting insulin (IU/ml)

5.79 ± 2.77

8.16 ± 3.14^a

8.91 ± 4.35^a

11.89 ± 5.76^abc

HOMA-IR

1.38 ± 0.74

2.33 ± 1.15^a

2.18 ± 1.10^a

3.59 ± 2.82^abc

TC (mmol/L)

4.40 ± 0.66

5.31 ± 0.93^a

5.19 ± 0.77^a

5.35 ± 1.07^a

TG (mmol/L)

0.86 ± 0.30

1.68 ± 0.66^a

1.87 ± 1.13^a

2.17 ± 1.27^ab

HDL-C (mmol/L)

1.69 ± 0.31

1.51 ± 0.27^a

1.54 ± 0.36^a

1.31 ± 0.26^abc

LDL-C (mmol/L)

2.50 ± 0.52

3.29 ± 0.78^a

3.20 ± 0.73^a

3.30 ± 0.86^a

ALT (U/L)

15.21 ± 7.55

24.06 ± 10.92^a

25.11 ± 15.84^a

28.11 ± 14.94^a

AST (U/L)

18.65 ± 4.45

22.21 ± 6.10^a

23.92 ± 7.93^a

22.15 ± 6.09^a

ALP (U/L)

64.56 ± 15.87

72.88 ± 17.96^a

67.61 ± 15.54

69.19 ± 19.34

GGT (U/L)

19.66 ± 12.93

46.32 ± 40.05^a

45.84 ± 43.95^a

48.48 ± 24.75^a