Table 3 Effects of bitter gourd on blood parameters in comparison to control in hyperglycemic rats (Study II)

88.17 ± 0.99ⁱ

88.80 ± 1.61ⁱ

89.00 ± 3.00ⁱ

89.10 ± 1.41ⁱ

88.03 ± 0.91ⁱ

89.83 ± 2.27ⁱ

90.40 ± 1.93ⁱ

113.80 ± 2.03^c

102.00 ± 2.26^def

100.33 ± 1.93^efg

98.13 ± 1.91^fgh

97.00 ± 1.35^gh

97.50 ± 1.57^gh

94.47 ± 3.70^h

142.93 ± 2.70^a

117.83 ± 3.07^b

112.23 ± 2.46^c

110.80 ± 3.36^c

104.53 ± 4.23^d

103.57 ± 3.00^de

97.70 ± 2.17^gh

9.40 ± 0.26^g

9.47 ± 0.23^g

9.60 ± 0.36^g

9.63 ± 0.25^g

9.83 ± 0.51^g

9.23 ± 0.12^g

9.50 ± 0.10^g

10.80 ± 0.46^f

13.83 ± 0.76^d

14.00 ± 0.44^cd

13.90 ± 0.72^d

14.50 ± 0.10^bcd

14.40 ± 0.17^bcd

14.97 ± 0.35^ab

12.23 ± 0.74^e

14.77 ± 0.81^abc

14.93 ± 0.75^ab

14.80 ± 0.79^abc

15.13 ± 0.49^ab

15.10 ± 0.30^ab

15.33 ± 0.25^a

79.50 ± 1.13^e

79.55 ± 0.92^e

80.45 ± 1.77^e

79.75 ± 0.64^e

79.65 ± 0.78^e

78.00 ± 1.84^e

79.80 ± 2.12^e

98.27 ± 1.12^c

91.87 ± 1.34^d

90.50 ± 1.44^d

90.40 ± 2.98^d

89.87 ± 1.00^d

90.63 ± 2.45^d

90.20 ± 3.38^d

129.07 ± 1.25^a

103.07 ± 1.83^b

100.80 ± 1.30^bc

99.50 ± 1.13^bc

97.97 ± 1.77^c

98.37 ± 1.52^c

98.00 ± 3.22^c

29.53 ± 3.23^hi

28.87 ± 1.37^hi

29.30 ± 2.57^hi

28.17 ± 1.45ⁱ

28.93 ± 2.66^hi

28.70 ± 1.55^hi

28.07 ± 1.46ⁱ

38.93 ± 1.55^f

33.63 ± 1.45^g

32.10 ± 2.11^gh

31.80 ± 1.95^gh

29.77 ± 2.49^hi

31.40 ± 3.02^ghi

29.17 ± 1.85^hi

63.85 ± 2.47^a

55.80 ± 1.87^b

51.07 ± 1.77^c

49.67 ± 2.40^cd

46.33 ± 2.80^de

49.57 ± 1.55^cd

45.63 ± 2.51^e

34.93 ± 2.37^de

35.20 ± 1.55^de

34.90 ± 2.23^de

35.10 ± 2.66^de

34.50 ± 1.57^de

34.77 ± 0.99^de

33.53 ± 0.93^e

35.93 ± 2.27^de

37.23 ± 0.95^d

41.73 ± 2.24^c

41.60 ± 1.51^c

41.73 ± 1.75^c

40.87 ± 1.99^c

42.00 ± 1.90^c

35.97 ± 2.25^de

42.23 ± 1.19^c

43.23 ± 1.17^bc

42.90 ± 1.61^bc

43.30 ± 0.98^ab

45.63 ± 2.80^ab

47.43 ± 1.12^a

67.43 ± 0.76^g

68.30 ± 1.21^g

68.40 ± 2.11^g

68.03 ± 2.31^g

68.13 ± 1.98^g

68.93 ± 1.32^g

67.53 ± 0.78^g

81.43 ± 2.70^de

78.37 ± 1.56^ef

77.37 ± 2.43^f

77.33 ± 1.53^f

76.53 ± 2.15^f

77.30 ± 1.70^f

76.30 ± 2.80^f

92.87 ± 3.80^a

87.00 ± 2.66^b

85.43 ± 1.01^bc

85.53 ± 1.60^bc

85.10 ± 1.64^bc

84.90 ± 2.76^bc

82.37 ± 2.44^cd

165.33 ± 4.52^e

164.10 ± 5.85^e

164.90 ± 1.51^e

164.53 ± 2.01^e

165.63 ± 4.87^e

164.20 ± 3.28^e

164.73 ± 3.54^e

193.43 ± 2.54^b

189.80 ± 6.12^bcd

187.47 ± 4.66^bcd

185.63 ± 4.57^cd

184.33 ± 2.06^d

184.50 ± 3.68^d

184.33 ± 5.66^d

203.40 ± 2.46^a

193.67 ± 3.91^b

193.60 ± 3.05^b

191.53 ± 3.51^bc

191.20 ± 2.65^bc

191.47 ± 4.28^bc

187.83 ± 1.89^bcd

42.63 ± 0.90^bcd

42.20 ± 1.31^bcd

42.83 ± 1.75^bcd

41.17 ± 1.08^d

42.17 ± 0.90^bcd

42.00 ± 2.39^cd

41.03 ± 2.18^d

44.23 ± 1.88^bc

42.47 ± 0.93^bcd

42.23 ± 1.70^bcd

42.13 ± 1.10^bcd

41.30 ± 0.87^d

41.93 ± 0.47^cd

41.83 ± 2.76^cd

49.37 ± 0.70^a

44.57 ± 0.83^b

43.93 ± 1.56^bc

43.87 ± 1.63^bc

43.30 ± 1.11^bcd

43.37 ± 1.16^bcd

43.20 ± 1.42^bcd

135.27 ± 2.55^g

136.90 ± 0.44^g

136.97 ± 1.67^g

136.70 ± 1.00^g

137.10 ± 0.62^g

136.13 ± 0.67^g

136.43 ± 0.93^g

146.67 ± 2.29^b

142.57 ± 1.96^cdef

142.37 ± 2.06^ef

142.50 ± 1.64^def

142.27 ± 0.90^ef

142.07 ± 1.12^f

141.90 ± 0.85^f

151.93 ± 2.10^a

145.40 ± 1.35^b

145.13 ± 1.24^b

145.20 ± 1.54^b

144.83 ± 1.42^bcd

145.00 ± 1.41^bc

144.60 ± 1.31^bcde

0.74 ± 0.04^de

0.74 ± 0.05^de

0.73 ± 0.01^e

0.72 ± 0.02^e

0.74 ± 0.01^de

0.73 ± 0.03^e

0.73 ± 0.02^e

0.91 ± 0.03^a

0.87 ± 0.02^b

0.86 ± 0.02^b

0.86 ± 0.02^b

0.85 ± 0.01^b

0.85 ± 0.01^b

0.84 ± 0.01^b

0.91 ± 0.03^a

0.80 ± 0.02^c

0.79 ± 0.03^c

0.79 ± 0.03^c

0.78 ± 0.02^c

0.78 ± 0.02^c

0.77 ± 0.01^cd

27.21 ± 1.03^bcd

27.31 ± 0.75^bcd

27.90 ± 2.11^bcd

27.20 ± 0.40^bcd

27.80 ± 1.49^bcd

25.90 ± 1.44^d

27.57 ± 1.01^bcd

30.90 ± 1.56^a

28.67 ± 0.87^b

28.30 ± 1.40^bc

27.60 ± 1.93^bcd

27.43 ± 1.10^bcd

26.93 ± 0.81^bcd

26.67 ± 1.03^bcd

32.48 ± 1.13^a

27.75 ± 0.90^bcd

27.47 ± 1.14^bcd

27.17 ± 2.05^bcd

27.10 ± 1.51^bcd

26.73 ± 1.15^bcd

26.21 ± 1.58^cd