The small dense LDL particle/large buoyant LDL particle ratio is associated with glucose metabolic status in pregnancy

Table 1 Clinical and Laboratory characteristics of the GDM and normal pregnant groups

Characteristics	Control (n = 56)	GDM (n = 28)	p value
Age (years)	30.0 (28.0, 33.0)	33.0 (30.3, 36.0)	0.005*
Advanced maternal age (≥ 35 years), n (%)	10 (17.8%)	9 (32.1%)	0.140
Gestational age (weeks)	25 (24, 27)	25 (24, 26)	0.817
Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m²)	20.1 ± 2.2	20.6 ± 2.5	0.392
BMI at OGTT (kg/m²)	23.3 ± 2.5	24.0 ± 2.5	0.148
Progesterone treatment history	1 (1.79%)	2 (7.14%)	0.257
Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L)	4.39 (4.20, 4.65)	4.66 (4.46, 5.01)	0.001*
1-h blood glucose (mmol/L)	7.24 ± 1.31	10.63 ± 1.44	<0.001*
2-h blood glucose (mmol/L)	6.35 ± 0.95	8.67 ± 1.29	<0.001*
Fasting insulin (μIU/mL)	8.1 (5.2, 11.7)	10.0 (7.0, 14.1)	0.033*
HOMA-IR	1.55 (1.01, 2.35)	2.17 (1.39, 2.94)	0.012*
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	240.59 ± 42.69	222.96 ± 36.21	0.065
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)	115.00 ± 35.78	96.61 ± 28.65	0.020*
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)	84.79 ± 18.96	79.43 ± 17.35	0.213
Non-HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)	155.80 ± 37.75	143.54 ± 27.69	0.131
Triglyceride (mg/dL)	185.0 (146.5, 236.0)	219.5 (175.8, 285.3)	0.055
Lipoprotein(a) (mg/dL)	6.2 (2.5, 11.6)	6.0 (2.5, 12.5)	0.906
hsCRP (mg/L)	2.1 (1.2, 4.0)	1.8 (1.1, 3.9)	0.632
Homocysteine (μmol/L)	4.0 (3.7, 4.7)	4.8 (3.7, 5.9)	0.049*
TG/HDL cholesterol ratio	2.16 (1.64, 3.10)	2.96 (2.14, 3.84)	0.029*

Data are presented as median (interquartile range) or n (%) or mean ± SD. BMI, body mass index; OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. P values in bold indicate significant differences (P < 0.05)

ISSN: 1476-511X