Table 1 Clinical and biochemical characteristics of the subjects according to tertile of visceral fat area (VFA) at L4

Age (year)

40.2 ± 0.68

34.6 ± 1.04^***

40.7 ± 1.10

45.2 ± 1.10^***

–

–

Male/Female n, (%)

68 (29.3)/164 (70.7)

16 (20.8)/79.2 (79.2)

26 (33.3)/52 (66.7)

26 (33.8)/51 (66.2)

–

–

Cigarette smoker n, (%)

19 (8.2)

3 (3.90)

8 (10.3)

8 (10.4)

–

–

Alcohol drinker n, (%)

144 (62.1)

50 (64.9)

47 (60.3)

47 (61.0)

–

–

Weight (kg)

72.0 ± 0.59

71.4 ± 1.00

71.9 ± 1.08

72.7 ± 1.00

0.207

0.874

BMI (kg/m²)

26.9 ± 0.09

26.8 ± 0.17

26.7 ± 0.16

27.3 ± 0.16

0.007

–

Waist circumference (cm)

91.2 ± 0.37

89.2 ± 0.67^b,**

91.5 ± 0.60^a,b

92.9 ± 0.58^a,*

<0.001

0.003

Waist hip ratio

0.90 ± 0.00

0.88 ± 0.01^b,**

0.90 ± 0.00^a,b

0.92 ± 0.00^a,**

<0.001

0.001

Systolic BP (mmHg)

119.4 ± 0.87

116.7 ± 1.40

119.0 ± 1.69

122.5 ± 1.36

0.138

0.211

Diastolic BP (mmHg)

74.0 ± 0.64

71.2 ± 1.04^b,*

73.8 ± 1.14^a,b

77.0 ± 1.06^a,*

0.016

0.021

Glucose (mg/dL)^∮

87.1 ± 0.59

84.4 ± 0.95^*

87.6 ± 1.03

89.2 ± 1.04

0.291

0.237

Insulin (μIU/dL)^∮

13.5 ± 0.47

12.2 ± 0.53^b

13.8 ± 1.06^a

14.5 ± 0.77^a

<0.001

<0.001

HOMA-IR^∮

2.92 ± 0.11

2.56 ± 0.12^b

3.02 ± 0.24^a

3.19 ± 0.17^a

<0.001

<0.001

Triglyceride (mg/dL)^∮

127.7 ± 7.66

94.0 ± 4.73^b,**

134.6 ± 19.2^b

154.5 ± 10.6^a,**

<0.001

<0.001

Total cholesterol (mg/dL)^∮

202.6 ± 2.67

190.9 ± 3.82^b,*

196.6 ± 4.83^b

220.3 ± 4.49^a,**

0.002

0.004

HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)^∮

54.1 ± 0.78

58.4 ± 1.30^a,**

53.1 ± 1.31^a,b

50.8 ± 1.32^b,*

0.006

0.008

LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)^∮

123.4 ± 2.24

113.7 ± 3.69^b,*

117.2 ± 3.50^b

139.8 ± 3.80^a,***

0.002

0.005

Apolipoprotein A-I (mg/dL)^∮

152.1 ± 1.56

157.7 ± 2.84

150.4 ± 2.39

148.2 ± 2.79

0.148

0.183

Apolipoprotein B (mg/dL)^∮

103.7 ± 1.88

90.9 ± 2.87^b,**

99.4 ± 2.69^b

120.9 ± 3.22^a,***

<0.001

<0.001

hs-CRP (mg/L)^∮

1.27 ± 0.11

0.81 ± 0.12^b,**

1.33 ± 0.20^a,b

1.66 ± 0.22^a,**

<0.001

<0.001