Diet/lifestyle and risk of diabetes and glycemic traits: a Mendelian randomization study

Table 1 Characteristics of single nucleotide polymorphisms used as instrumental variables

Lifestyle factors	Lifestyle-Associated SNP	Nearest Gene(s)	Chr	effect allele	Effect allele frequency	lifestyle
Lifestyle factors	Lifestyle-Associated SNP	Nearest Gene(s)	Chr	effect allele	Effect allele frequency	Beta	SE	P
Carbohydrate [5]	rs10163409	FTO	16	A	0.69	0.19	0.05	2.2 × 10⁻⁴
Carbohydrate [5]	rs197273	TANK	2	A	0.48	0.23	0.04	9.6 × 10^− 8
Carbohydrate [6]	rs838145	IZUMO1	19	G	0.46	0.25	0.04	1.68 × 10^− 8
Protein [6]	rs1421085	FTO	16	C	0.42	0.09	0.023	4.80 × 10^− 7
Protein [5]	rs838133	FGF21	19	G	0.55	0.11	0.02	7.9 × 10^− 9
Fat [6]	rs838145	IZUMO1	19	A	0.54	0.21	0.04	1.57 × 10^− 9
Smoking (number) [7]	rs1051730	CHRNA3	15	A	0.35	1.021	0.056	2.75 × 10^− 73
Smoking (number) [7]	rs1329650	LOC100188947	10	G	0.72	0.367	0.059	5.67 × 10^− 10
Smoking (number) [7]	rs3733829	CYP2A6	19	G	0.36	0.333	0.058	1.04 × 10^− 8
Smoking initiation [7]	rs6265	BDNF	11	C	0.79	0.061	0.011	1.84 × 10^− 8
Smoking cessation [7]	rs3025343	DBH	9	G	0.84	0.121	0.022	3.56 × 10^− 8
Sleep [8]	rs1191685	PAX8	2	C	0.37	2.87	0.47	1.06 × 10^− 9
Sleep [8]	rs2394403	CBWD	6	C	0.8	3.07	0.56	4.39 × 10⁻⁸
Sleep [8]	rs4248149	CBWD	6	T	0.8	3.08	0.56	3.95 × 10^− 8
Sleep [8]	rs4587207	CBWD	6	A	0.8	3.14	0.56	2.02 × 10^− 8

Smoking initiation (ever versus never smokers); Smoking cessation (former versus current smokers)

ISSN: 1476-511X