From: Diet/lifestyle and risk of diabetes and glycemic traits: a Mendelian randomization study
Lifestyle | MR Estimates | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T2D | HOMA-IR | HOMA-B | INS | GLU | Hba1c | 2hGLU | ||||||||
Beta ± SE | p | Beta ± SE | p | Beta ± SE | p | Beta ± SE | p | Beta ± SE | p | Beta ± SE | p | Beta ± SE | p | |
Carbohydrate | 0.051 ± 0.045 | 0.262 | 0.000 ± 0.011 | 0.981 | 0.000 ± 0.009 | 0.990 | 0.001 ± 0.010 | 0.957 | 0.011 ± 0.010 | 0.282 | 0.003 ± 0.010 | 0.745 | 0.029 ± 0.052 | 0.582 |
Protein | 0.806 ± 0.260 | 0.002 | 0.067 ± 0.035 | 0.046 | 0.045 ± 0.027 | 0.092 | −0.047 ± 0.033 | 0.157 | 0.038 ± 0.029 | 0.203 | 0.049 ± 0.041 | 0.231 | 0.062 ± 0.141 | 0.662 |
Fat | −0.079 ± 0.070 | 0.261 | 0.007 ± 0.020 | 0.722 | 0.014 ± 0.016 | 0.400 | 0.003 ± 0.019 | 0.881 | −0.007 ± 0.018 | 0.713 | −0.020 ± 0.015 | 0.175 | 0.062 ± 0.095 | 0.519 |
Sleep | 0.005 ± 0.003 | 0.058 | 0.001 ± 0.001 | 0.487 | 0.001 ± 0.001 | 0.128 | 0.000 ± 0.001 | 0.713 | −0.001 ± 0.001 | 0.222 | −0.001 ± 0.001 | 0.106 | 0.003 ± 0.004 | 0.534 |
Smoking cessation | 0.559 ± 0.328 | 0.090 | 0.165 ± 0.072 | 0.021 | 0.064 ± 0.055 | 0.247 | 0.132 ± 0.066 | 0.047 | 0.132 ± 0.064 | 0.039 | 0.093 ± 0.058 | 0.107 | 0.314 ± 0.326 | 0.337 |
Smoking initiation | 0.249 ± 0.380 | 0.515 | 0.079 ± 0.085 | 0.353 | 0.048 ± 0.071 | 0.503 | 0.069 ± 0.081 | 0.397 | 0.020 ± 0.077 | 0.799 | 0.141 ± 0.073 | 0.055 | −0.541 ± 0.403 | 0.182 |
smoking (number) | −0.013 ± 0.014 | 0.357 | 0.001 ± 0.004 | 0.835 | −0.003 ± 0.003 | 0.367 | 0.000 ± 0.004 | 0.914 | 0.002 ± 0.004 | 0.575 | 0.003 ± 0.003 | 0.379 | −0.001 ± 0.018 | 0.944 |