Fig. 3

Effects of naturally occurring phytanic acid (nPA) on NF-κB activity in A549 cells. a A549 cells with stable expression of an NF-κB-dependent luciferase reporter gene, were incubated with palmitic acid or nPA, followed by an Alamaer blue assay to determine cell viability. b After incubation of A549 cells with palmitic acid or nPA, the transcriptional activity of NF-κB was determined by measuring the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-induced luciferase activity. c Similar experiments were conducted in the presence of GW6471, an antagonist of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α (PPARα). The data represent means ± SEM. **P < 0.01 and ***P < 0.001 compared to dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) control