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Table 5 Direct and indirect effects of whole grain consumption on markers of insulin resistance and inflammation with BMI, WC and apVAT as mediators among US adults

From: Adiposity mediates the association between whole grain consumption, glucose homeostasis and insulin resistance: findings from the US NHANES

Mediator and outcomes

Direct effect (£,)

Indirect effect (α#β)3

Proportion of mediation, %

Estimate

P

Estimate

Sobel test statistic

BMI

Serum Hs-CRP (mg/dl)

−0.020

< 0.001

− 0.007

< 0.001

26.6%

Serum Apolipoprotein (B) (mg/dL)

−0.382

0.124

−0.083

< 0.001

17.6%

Fasting blood glucose (mg/dl)

−0.832

< 0.001

−0.235

< 0.001

22.2%

Plasma Insulin (uU/mL)

−0.014

0.019

−0.0096

0.013

40.1%

HOMA_IR

−0.021

< 0.001

−0.010

0.014

33.7%

HOMA_B

−0.001

0.882

−0.005

0.021

84.3%

HbA1c (%)

−0.019

< 0.001

−0.078

< 0.001

28.3%

2-h blood glucose(mg/dL)

−2.235

< 0.001

− 0.198

0.0831

8.1%

TyG index

−0.007

0.102

−0.007

< 0.001

51.3%

WC

 Serum Hs-CRP (mg/dl)

−0.021

< 0.001

−0.058

< 0.001

21.5%

 Serum Apolipoprotein (B) (mg/dL)

−0.307

0.214

−0.079

0.074

20.4%

 Fasting blood glucose (mg/dl)

−0.853

< 0.001

−0.198

< 0.001

18.8%

 Plasma Insulin (uU/mL)

−0.014

< 0.001

−0.075

0.062

34.2%

 HOMA_IR

−0.021

< 0.001

−0.008

0.067

28.3%

 HOMA_B

−0.001

0.846

−0.004

0.083

77.1%

 HbA1c (%)

−0.020

< 0.001

−0.006

< 0.001

23.1%

 2-h blood glucose(mg/dL)

−2.196

< 0.001

− 0.204

0.092

8.5%

 TyG index

−0.006

0.147

−0.007

< 0.001

52.1%

apVAT

 Serum Hs-CRP (mg/dl)

0.003

0.733

−0.005

0.022

62.3%

 Serum Apolipoprotein (B) (mg/dL)

0.351

0.462

−0.062

0.522

1.2%

 Fasting blood glucose (mg/dl)

−0.471

0.273

0.163

0.026

25.3%

 Plasma Insulin (uU/mL)

−0.006

0.561

−0.005

0.488

44.5%

 HOMA_IR

−0.009

0.455

−0.005

0.509

37.2%

 HOMA_B

0.001

0.952

−0.002

0.644

99.2%

 HbA1c (%)

−0.020

0.082

−0.005

0.017

21.1%

 2-h blood glucose(mg/dL)

−1.162

0.244

−0.410

0.154

26.0%

 TyG index

−0.005

0.511

−0.007

0.023

57.2

  1. Abbreviations: BMI: body mass index, WC, waist circumference, apVAT, Anthropometrically-predicted visceral adipose tissue, HOMA_IR, Homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; HOMA_B, Homeostatic model assessment of β-cell function HOMA_S; Homeostatic model assessment of insulin sensitivity, TyG index, triglyceride-glucose index Hs-CRP; high senility C-reactive protein. All estimates were adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, educational, smoking and level of physical activity. Regression coefficients α, β, and £, are shown in Fig. 1