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Table 1 Characteristics of subjects with diabetes mellitus stratified by sex

From: Estimate of prevalent diabetes from cardiometabolic index in general Chinese population: a community-based study

Variables

male (n = 5308)

female (n = 6170)

DM (n = 527)

non-DM (n = 4781)

p valuea

DM (n = 664)

non-DM (n = 5506)

p valuea

Age (years)

56.43 ± 10.27

54.10 ± 10.81

<.001

58.42 ± 9.11

52.78 ± 10.34

<.001

Race (Han) (%)

497(94.3)

4530(94.8)

0.667

631(95.0)

5221(94.8)

0.820

Education level (%)

  

0.112

  

<.001

 Primary school or below

241(45.7)

1969(41.2)

 

457(68.8)

3048(55.4)

 

 Middle school

224(42.5)

2266(47.4)

 

169(25.5)

2019(36.7)

 

 High school or above

62(11.8)

546(11.4)

 

38(5.7)

439(8.0)

 

Income level (CNY) (%)

  

0.267

  

0.003

  ≤ 5000

67(12.7)

642(13.4)

 

99(14.9)

616(11.2)

 

 5000–20,000

274(52.0)

2571(53.8)

 

371(55.9)

3047(55.3)

 

  > 20,000

186(35.3)

1568(32.8)

 

194(29.2)

1843(33.5)

 

Current smoking (%)

279(52.9)

2743(57.4)

0.051

86(13.0)

936(17.0)

0.008

Current drinking (%)

241(45.7)

2156(45.1)

0.781

12(1.8)

166(3.0)

0.079

Physical activity (%)

  

<.001

  

<.001

 Low

222(42.1)

1356(28.4)

 

386(58.1)

2248(40.8)

 

 Middle

81(15.4)

928(19.4)

 

130(19.6)

1064(19.3)

 

 High

224(42.5)

2497(52.2)

 

148(22.3)

2194(39.8)

 

Vegetable intake (%)

  

0.554

  

0.516

  < 1 kg/w

45(8.5)

448(9.4)

 

66(9.9)

528(9.6)

 

 1–1.5 kg/w

120(22.8)

1091(22.8)

 

165(24.8)

1374(25.0)

 

 1.5-2 kg/w

146(27.7)

1337(28.0)

 

202(30.4)

1586(28.8)

 

  ≥ 2 kg/w

216(41.0)

1905(39.8)

 

231(34.8)

2018(36.7)

 

Meat intake (%)

  

0.202

  

<.001

  < 0.25 kg/w

209(39.7)

1709(35.7)

 

404(60.8)

2967(53.9)

 

 0.25–0.5 kg/w

146(27.7)

1468(30.7)

 

179(27.0)

1476(26.8)

 

  ≥ 0.5 kg/w

172(32.6)

1604(33.5)

 

81(12.2)

1063(19.3)

 

Fatty food intake (%)

  

0.397

  

<.001

 Rare

398(75.5)

3505(73.3)

 

611(92.0)

4801(87.2)

 

 2–3 times/w

97(18.4)

1054(22.0)

 

51(7.7)

613(11.1)

 

  ≥ 4times/w

32(6.1)

222(4.6)

 

2(0.3)

92(1.7)

 

SBP (mmHg)

154.35 ± 23.60

142.46 ± 22.20

<.001

152.26 ± 24.41

138.65 ± 23.53

<.001

DBP (mmHg)

87.74 ± 12.53

83.33 ± 1.64

<.001

83.72 ± 12.09

80.17 ± 11.35

<.001

Hypertension (%)

392(74.4)

2465(51.6)

<.001

503(75.8)

2496(45.3)

<.001

Height (cm)

166.25 ± 6.47

166.44 ± 6.33

0.522

154.99 ± 6.23

155.68 ± 6.05

0.007

Weight (cm)

72.16 ± 11.66

68.22 ± 11.00

<.001

63.29 ± 10.26

59.90 ± 10.04

<.001

WC (cm)

88.38 ± 9.65

83.29 ± 9.65

<.001

86.11 ± 9.24

80.68 ± 9.64

<.001

BMI (kg/m2)

26.04 ± 3.48

24.59 ± 3.53

<.001

26.31 ± 3.83

24.68 ± 3.73

<.001

WHtR

0.53 ± 0.06

0.50 ± 0.06

<.001

0.56 ± 0.06

0.52 ± 0.06

<.001

FPG (mmol/L)

8.20(7.39–10.56)

5.53(5.18–5.92)

<.001

8.22(7.26–10.04)

5.42(5.08–5.81)

<.001

TG (mmol/L)

1.75(1.08–2.80)

1.19(0.84–1.80)

<.001

1.86(1.23–2.83)

1.22(0.87–1.79)

<.001

HDL-C (mmol/L)

1.31 ± 0.39

1.42 ± 0.43

<.001

1.32 ± 0.31

1.42 ± 0.35

<.001

TG/HDL-C

1.43(0.80–2.56)

0.88(0.56–1.50)

<.001

1.45(0.93–2.44)

0.88(0.58–1.42)

<.001

Family history of DM (%)

100(19.0)

317(6.6)

<.001

167(25.2)

461(8.4)

<.001

Medication use (%)

305(57.9)

2215(46.3)

<.001

499(75.2)

3098(56.3)

<.001

CVD history (%)

80(15.2)

483(10.1)

<.001

195(29.4)

970(17.6)

<.001

CMI

0.79(0.40–1.43)

0.43(0.26–0.77)

<.001

0.82(0.50–1.37)

0.45(0.28–0.77)

<.001

LAP (cm·mmol/L)

41.16

(20.28–75.90)

20.46

(10.18–40.32)

<.001

52.73

(30.52–87.81)

26.35

(15.30–46.44)

<.001

  1. Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD) or median (interquartile range) and numbers (percentage) as appropriate. DM diabetes mellitus, CNY Chinese currency (1CNY = 0.15 USD), SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, WC waist circumference, BMI body mass index, WHtR waist-to-height ratio, FPG fasting plasma glucose, TG triglyceride, HDL-C high density lipoprotein cholesterol, TG/HDL-C triglyceride to high density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio, CMI cardiometabolic index, LAP lipid accumulation product; Medication usage: any self-reported medication used in the past 2 weeks, CVD history cardiovascular disease history
  2. aComparisons of category variables between groups were tested by chi-square test and comparisons for continuous variables between groups were tested by Student’s t or Mann-Whitney test