Table 1 Baseline general characteristics of the trial participants

Age (years)

55 ± 1.3

50 ± 2.5

55 ± 2.8

58 ± 2.5

57 ± 2.2

0.106

Males/females (n/n)

26/38

7/9

6/9

7/10

6/10

–

 Caucasian

50 (78.12)

12 (75)

12 (80)

13 (76.5)

13 (81)

–

 Asian

7 (10.93)

2 (12.5)

2 (13.3)

1 (5.8)

2 (12.5)

–

 Others

7 (10.93)

2 (12.5)

1 (6.6)

3 (17.6)

1 (6.25)

–

 Body weight (kg)

88.5 ± 2.1

91.0 ± 4.6

88.1 ± 3.5

85.7 ± 4.9

89.9 ± 3.33

0.266

 Muscle mass (kg)

32.4 ± 1.2

32.7 ± 1.2

34.2 ± 2.3

32.6 ± 3.6

30.3 ± 1.5

0.432

 Body mass index (kg. m⁻²)

31.1 ± 0.7

31.9 ± 1.7

30.9 ± 1.2

30 ± 1.4

31.7 ± 1.2

0.468

 Waist circumference(cm)

104.7 ± 1.5

105.7 ± 3.6

104.9 ± 2.7

102.5 ± 3.4

105.8 ± 1.9

0.086

 Waist-hip ratio

0.96 ± 0.01

0.97 ± 0.01

0.96 ± 0.01

0.96 ± 0.06

0.99 ± 0.01

0.568

 Percent body fat (%)

36.1 ± 1.3

35.3 ± 2.2

34.8 ± 2.5

35.3 ± 2.7

39.2 ± 2.4

0.507

 Family history of diabetes – no. (%)

31 (48.4)

8 (50)

11 (73.3)

4 (23.52)

8 (50)

–

 Family history of cholesterol - no (%)

32 (50)

9 (56.25)

8 (53.33)

8 (47.05)

7 (43.75)

–

 Family history of blood pressure – no (%)

13 (81.25)

13 (81.25)

9 (60)

12 (70.5)

10 (62.5)

–

 Alcohol intake – no. (%)

54 (78.1)

10 (62.5)

15 (100.0)

14 (82.3)

15 (100.0)

–

 Smoking – no. (%)

5 (7.8)

3 (18.7)

1 (6.6)

0 (0.0)

1 (6.3)

–

 Anti-hypertensives no. (%)

19 (29.68)

3 (18.75)

6 (40)

7 (41.17)

3 (18.75)

–

 Anti-depressants no. (%)

10 (16.6)

6 (37.5)

3 (20)

0 (0)

1 (6.25)

–

 Cholesterol lowering medications no. (%)

10 (16.6)

1 (6.25)

3 (20)

4 (23.52)

2 (12.5)

–

 Antacids no. (%)

9 (14.06)

2 (12.5)

4 (26.67)

3 (17.6)

0 (0)

–

 Supplements no. (%)

32 (50)

7 (43.75)

11 (73.3)

8 (47.05)

6 (37.5)

–