Table 1 Socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of participants according to DKD and DR

No (n^d=2472)

Yes (n^d=1226)

P ^e

No (n^d=1055)

Yes (n^d=319)

P ^f

Gender (male), n (%)

1086(43.9)

518(42.3)

0.332^h

442(41.9)

142(44.5)

0.407 ^h

Age (years), mean ± SD

66.8 ± 8.1

69.1 ± 8.7

< 0.001^g

65.7 ± 7.4

64.8 ± 7.6

0.045 ^g

Current smoker, n (%)

443(17.9)

172(14.0)

0.003 ^h

162(15.4)

66(20.7)

0.025 ^h

Family history of diabetes mellitus, n (%)

703(29.8)

345(29.7)

0.934 ^h

372(37.2)

119(38.6)

0.649 ^h

Duration of diabetes mellitus(years), mean ± SD

8.8 ± 6.1

9.8 ± 6.6

< 0.001 ^g

8.1 ± 5.7

11.2 ± 6.6

< 0.001 ^g

 Without medicine

209(9.1)

96(8.4)

< 0.001 ^h

50(5.4)

7(2.4)

< 0.001 ^h

 Oral medicine

1769(77.1)

847(73.7)

775(83.0)

210(71.2)

 Insulin

134(5.8)

113(9.8)

45(4.8)

23(7.8)

 Oral medicine + insulin

181(7.9)

93(8.1)

64(6.9)

55(18.6)

Hypertension, n (%)

1789(72.4)

1012(82.5)

< 0.001 ^h

795(75.4)

245(76.8)

0.598 ^h

CAD, n (%)

253(10.2)

155(12.6)

0.028 ^h

98(9.3)

39(12.2)

0.125 ^h

Stroke, n (%)

189(7.6)

122(10.0)

0.017 ^h

98(9.3)

32(10.0)

0.691 ^h

BMI (kg/m²), mean ± SD

25.2 ± 3.2

25.7 ± 3.5

< 0.001 ^g

25.3 ± 3.2

25.5 ± 3.2

0.460 ^g

SBP (mmHg), mean ± SD

134.4 ± 15.1

139.0 ± 18.0

< 0.001 ^g

137.1 ± 17.3

140.4 ± 19.0

0.004 ^g

DBP (mmHg), mean ± SD

79.0 ± 8.3

79.1 ± 8.7

0.720 ^g

79.1 ± 8.7

78.3 ± 9.1

0.189 ^g

HbA1c (%), mean ± SD

7.0 ± 1.3

7.5 ± 1.7

< 0.001 ^g

7.0 ± 1.2

7.6 ± 1.5

< 0.001 ^g

TC (mmol/L), mean ± SD

4.7 ± 1.0

4.8 ± 1.0

0.266 ^g

4.5 ± 1.0

4.4 ± 1.2

0.164 ^g

TG (mmol/L), mean ± SD

1.6 ± 1.1

1.7 ± 1.1

< 0.001 ^g

1.6 ± 1.1

1.5 ± 0.9

0.193 ^g

LDL-C (mmol/L), mean ± SD

2.6 ± 0.9

2.6 ± 1.0

0.613 ^g

2.7 ± 0.8

2.6 ± 0.9

0.153 ^g

HDL-C (mmol/L), mean ± SD

1.4 ± 0.4

1.3 ± 0.4

< 0.001 ^g

1.4 ± 0.4

1.3 ± 0.4

0.217 ^g

TG/HDL-C, mean ± SD

1.3 ± 1.2

1.4 ± 1.2

< 0.001 ^g

1.3 ± 1.1

1.2 ± 1.0

0.366 ^g

Non-HDL-C (mmol/L), mean ± SD

3.3 ± 1.0

3.4 ± 1.0

0.002 ^g

3.2 ± 1.0

3.1 ± 1.1

0.294 ^g

Non-HDL-C/ HDL-C, mean ± SD

2.6 ± 1.1

2.8 ± 1.1

< 0.001 ^g

2.5 ± 1.0

2.5 ± 1.0

0.883 ^g

eGFR ^a(ml·min^− 1·(173m²)^− 1), mean ± SD

102.4 ± 26.3

90.0 ± 32.2

< 0.001 ^g

102.5 ± 30.1

105.4 ± 31.2

0.147 ^g

 <30

2092(100)

108(9.0)

< 0.001 ^h

688(69.0)

181(59.9)

0.010 ^h

 30-300

0(0)

967(80.7)

274(27.5)

104(34.4)

 >300

0(0)

123(10.3)

35(3.5)

17(5.6)

DR^c, n (%)

190(20.8) ^d

125(28.2)

0.003 ^h

–

–

–