Intake of arachidonic acid-containing lipids in adult humans: dietary surveys and clinical trials

Kawashima, Hiroshi

doi:10.1186/s12944-019-1039-y

Lipids in Health and Disease

Table 3 Dietary survey of intake of ARA, EPA and DHA in adult humans (> 1000 participants in a study and from January 2001)

From: Intake of arachidonic acid-containing lipids in adult humans: dietary surveys and clinical trials

Country	Participant				Dietary survey^c	LCPUFA intake (mg/day)^d			Ref.
Country	Sex^a	Age (y)^b	Other classification	N	Dietary survey^c	ARA	EPA	DHA	Ref.
Europe
Finland	M&F	30–49	–	1212	FFQ	95 ± 0.84^e	160 ± 3.1^e	420 ± 8.7^e	[31]
Finland	M&F	50-79	–	980	FFQ	97 ± 1.1^e	190 ± 4.6^e	510 ± 13^e
France	M	45–63	–	2099	ten 24-h DR	204 ± 66	150 ± 112	273 ± 191	[24]
France	F	35–63	–	2785	ten 24-h DR	152 ± 49	118 ± 94	226 ± 171
Germany	M	45–65	Heidelberg	1013	24-h recall	230 ± 250	100 ± 300	190 ± 480	[32]
	M		Potsdam	1032		230 ± 250	130 ± 380	210 ± 490
	F	35–64	Heidelberg	1078		160 ± 190	70 ± 230	140 ± 330
	F		Potsdam	898		140 ± 160	80 ± 230	140 ± 280
Spain	F	20–79	–	1865	FFQ	290 ± 110	220 ± 90	300 ± 120	[33]
United Kingdom	M&F	16–79	–	1455	FFQ	9^f	290^f	380^f	[25]
North America
United States	F	> 45	Health Professional	37,547	FFQ	70^f	20^f	60^f	[34]
United States	M&F	> 30	–	2837	FFQ	120 ± 80	45 ± 50	82 ± 73	[35]
United States	F	< 65	–	1500	FFQ	70 ± 60	40 ± 50	90 ± 90	[36]
United States &Canada	M&F	> 30	Nonvegetarian	33,634	FFQ	84 ± 0.3^e	nd^g	182 ± 1.2^e	[37]
			Semi-vegetarian	4042		27 ± 0.7^e	nd	70 ± 3.6^e
			Pesco vegetarian	6583		44 ± 0.6^e	nd	187 ± 2.8^e
			Lacto-ovo vegetarian	21,799		13 ± 0.3^e	nd	34 ± 1.5^e
			Strict vegetarian	5694		3 ± 0.6^e	nd	18 ± 3^e
Africa, Asia and Oceania
Australia	M	> 19	–	5081	24-h recall	191 ± 2^e	91 ± 3^e	117 ± 5^e	[38]
Australia	F	> 19	–	5770	24-h recall	117 ± 2^e	60 ± 2^e	83 ± 3^e
China	F	40–70	–	74,943	FFQ	50^f	nd^h	nd^h	[39]
Japan	M	40–49	–	241	3-day DR	179 ± 66	233 ± 211	437 ± 331	[40]
		50–59	–	268		185 ± 64	368 ± 296	662 ± 476
		60–69	–	262		182 ± 63	403 ± 263	718 ± 422
		70–79	–	243		171 ± 64	390 ± 257	692 ± 437
	F	40–49	–	263		153 ± 52	217 ± 185	414 ± 305
		50–59	–	259		148 ± 51	268 ± 202	487 ± 322
		60–69	–	261		149 ± 53	300 ± 196	532 ± 312
		70–79	–	245		144 ± 55	300 ± 219	525 ± 340
South Africa	M	> 35	Rural	333	FFQ	34^f	38^f	62^f	[41]
	M		Urban	393		102^f	61^f	101^f
	F	> 35	Rural	633		33^f	33^f	52^f
	F		Urban	591		94^f	46^f	83^f

^aM male, F female
^bMean or range
^cFFQ food frequency questionnaire, DR diet record
^dData are the mean ± SD without annotation. Original data are rounded to nearest mg
^eMean ± SE
^fMedian
^gnd not described
^hMedian of (EPA + DHA) is 70 mg/d

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