Table 2 Characteristics of the subjects

Number

10196

6914

3282

–

Age (years)

37.5 ± 1.7

37.4 ± 1.7

37.5 ± 1.8

0.458

Smoking (%)

54.1

66.3

28.4

<  0.001

Alcohol drinking (%)

66.7

75.1

49.2

<  0.001

Regular exercise (%)

9.5

11.5

5.2

<  0.001

Therapy for hypertension (%)

1.55

1.88

0.85

<  0.001

Therapy for diabetes (%)

0.69

0.91

0.21

<  0.001

Visceral obesity (%)

32.8

34.3

29.7

<  0.001

Hypertension (%)

14.5

18.4

6.2

<  0.001

Diabetes (%)

1.91

2.39

0.91

<  0.001

Multiple risk factors (%)

3.57

4.48

1.65

<  0.001

Height (cm)

167.4 ± 8.2

171.5 ± 5.9

158.7 ± 5.3

<  0.001

Weight (kg)

65.1 ± 13.6

69.8 ± 12.3

55.0 ± 10.2

<  0.001

Body mass index

23.1 ± 3.9

23.7 ± 3.8

21.8 ± 3.9

<  0.001

Waist circumference (cm)

80.7 ± 10.4

83.0 ± 10.0

75.9 ± 9.7

<  0.001

Waist-to-height ratio

0.483 ± 0.059

0.484 ± 0.057

0.479 ± 0.062

<  0.001

Systolic BP (mmHg)

121.5 ± 15.4

124.6 ± 14.9

114.9 ± 14.4

<  0.001

Diastolic BP (mmHg)

73.0 ± 11.7

75.3 ± 11.5

68.2 ± 10.5

<  0.001

Triglycerides (mg/dl)

91 (60, 148)

111 (73, 175)

63 (47, 91)

<  0.001

HDL cholesterol (mg/dl)

58.8 ± 15.1

55.8 ± 14.7

64.9 ± 14.1

<  0.001

TG/HDL-C ratio

1.58 (0.94, 2.92)

2.02 (1.20, 3.61)

0.98 (0.68, 1.52)

<  0.001

Hemoglobin A1c (%)

5.27 ± 0.59

5.30 ± 0.66

5.21 ± 0.39

<  0.001