Table 1 The important adipokines and the possible effects on obesity and psoriasis
From: New insights into different adipokines in linking the pathophysiology of obesity and psoriasis
Adipokine | Basic role of adipokine | Roles and effects on psoriasis | Roles and effects on obesity |
|---|---|---|---|
Adiponectin | Anti-inflammatory Anti-atherogenic | Inversely correlates with psoriasis severity, especially the HMW subtype An increase in serum levels of adiponectin in psoriatic patients Suppresses inflammation and immune responses | Decreased in obesity Protects against obesity-linked metabolic dysfunction in mouse models A therapy associated with metabolic syndromes Possesses anti-inflammatory properties by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway |
Leptin | Pro-inflammatory Regulates expression of adhesion molecules and angiogenesis | Increased in psoriasis Increases Th-1 lymphocytes and the Th-1 type cytokines Decreases Th-2 type cytokines Promotes the secretion of several pro-inflammatory factors Regulates proliferation of keratinocytes | Positively correlated with BMI Regulates feeding behavior through the central nervous system |
Chemerin | Pro-inflammatory Chemotactic protein Released mainly by adipocytes and dermal fibroblasts | Involved in the recruitment of pDC in the early stage of psoriasis Binds to both the signaling and non-signaling receptors Promotes the pDC transmigration | Positively correlated with BMI Considered as a biomarker in the development of obesity Promotes the adipogenesis differentiation of pre-adipocytes |
Visfatin | Pro-inflammatory Binds to insulin receptors Activates T lymphocytes in the immune system | Enhances production of antimicrobial peptides in human keratinocytes The gene of visfatin is upregulated in psoriatic patients | Positively correlated with abdominal obesity Causes dyslipidemia Negatively correlated with the plasma level of HDL-C Promotes the secretion of VEGF Inhibits the expression of metalloproteinases |
Omentin | Anti-inflammatory Induces the expression and phosphorylation of NOS Stimulates the vasodilation of blood vessels | Lower levels in psoriatic patients compared to the healthy controls Increased after treatment of psoriasis Attenuate the TNF-α-induced adhesion molecule expression and monocyte adhesion | Increases insulin sensitivity in human adipocytes Risk factor for insulin resistance Omentin-1 is positively correlated with plasma level of adiponectin and is inversely correlated with BMI or WHR |
TNF-α | Pro-inflammatory Promotes the development of metabolic syndrome and vascular diseases | Increased in psoriatic patients Positively correlated with PASI Facilitates production of pro-inflammatory cytokines synthesized by T lymphocytes and macrophages | Increased in obese patients Positively correlated with BMI Induces dyslipidemia |
IL-1β | Pro-inflammatory Promotes the development of metabolic syndrome and vascular diseases | Increased in psoriatic patients Positively correlated with PASI Activates proliferation of keratinocytes | Increased in obese patients Positively correlated with BMI Induces dyslipidemia Promotes the inflammation-induced destruction of pancreatic β-cells |
IL-6 | Pro-inflammatory Impairs the insulin release | Increased in psoriatic patients Positively correlated with PASI Activates T lymphocytes and the proliferation of keratinocytes | Increased in obese patients Positively correlated with BMI Induces dyslipidemia |
RBP4 | Secreted by adipocytes, macrophages and hepatocytes Transfers retinol (Vitamin A) | Decreased in psoriatic patients Positively correlated with the PASI score Positively correlated with the circulating levels of inflammatory factors Reduces after the treatment with acitretin | Produced by visceral adipocytes under the obese status Plays a major role in insulin resistance Positively associated with BMI, WHR, plasma level of TG and systolic blood pressure |
FetA | Produced by adipocytes, keratinocytes and hepatocytes Inhibit the lipid efflux especially within macrophages | Induces the synthesis and secretion of pro-inflammatory adipokines Promotes transformation of the anti-inflammatory M2-phenotype macrophages into the pro-inflammatory M1-phenotype macrophages Increased in psoriatic patients Positively correlated with PASI scores | FFA could enhance the production of FetA in hepatocytes and adipocytes Reduces after treatment of weight loss in obese patients |
LCN2 | Expressed in human livers, lungs, kidneys and adipose tissues A component of the innate immune system Functions in the acute phase response to infection Induces apoptosis Involves in several inflammatory diseases | Increased in psoriatic patients Positively correlated with PASI scores Up-regulates in keratinocytes of psoriatic skin lesions Positively correlated with IL-1β | Increased in obese patients Positively correlated with BMI Induces dyslipidemia |