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Table 1 Characteristic of study participants according to subjects with obesity/overweight and without obesity/overweight

From: Dietary fat quantity and quality in relation to general and abdominal obesity in women: a cross-sectional study from Ghana

Variable

BMI (Kg/m2)

P

WC (cm)

P

WHtR

P

≥25

≤24.9

≥80

< 80

≥0.50

< 0.50

Age (years)

38.1 ± 10.7

34.6 ± 11.2

0.01

39.5 ± 10.2

33.9 ± 11.1

< 0.001

39.3 ± 10.7

33.3 ± 10.7

< 0.001

Parity

3.6 ± 2.1

2.9 ± 1.9

0.008

3.9 ± 2.1

2.8 ± 1.9

< 0.001

3.9 ± 2.0

2.6 ± 1.9

< 0.001

Household Size

9.6 ± 5.1

10.8 ± 6.3

0.09

9.8 ± 5.3

10.8 ± 6.3

0.2

9.9 ± 5.6

10.8 ± 6.1

0.3

Asset scorec

54.4 ± 4.4

52.8 ± 3.9

0.003

54.7 ± 4.7

52.6 ± 3.7

< 0.001

53.9 ± 4.5

52.8 ± 3.8

0.03

Energy intake

(kcal/day)

2154.9 ± 663.7

2048.1 ± 694.7

0.2

2303.3 ± 677.5

1976.1 ± 665.4

< 0.001

2223.9 ± 672.8

1990.5 ± 679.8

0.005

Physical Activitya

 Low

35(59.3)

24(40.7)

 

38(64.4)

21(35.6)

 

46(78.0)

13(22.0)

 

 Moderate

42(26.9)

114(73.1)

< 0.001

42(26.9)

114(73.1)

< 0.001

52(33.3)

104(66.7)

< 0.001

 High

12(19.4)

50(80.6)

 

10(16.1)

52(83.9)

 

11(17.7)

51(82.3)

 

Ethnicity

 Dagomba

68(30.9)

152(69.1)

0.2

68(30.9)

152(69.1)

0.1

84(38.2)

136(61.8)

0.4

 Minorityb

21(36.8)

36(63.2)

 

22(38.6)

35(61.4)

 

25(43.9)

32(56.1)

 

Marital Status

 Married

83(33.6)

164(66.4)

0.09

84(34.0)

163(66.0)

0.08

103(41.7)

144(58.3)

0.02

 Single

6(20.0)

24(80.0)

 

6(20.0)

24(80.0)

 

6(20.0)

24(80.0)

 

Woman Education

 No formal Education

59(35.5)

107(64.5)

 

64(38.6)

102(61.4)

 

74(44.6)

92(55.4)

 

 Primary/Middle/JHS

12(21.1)

45(78.9)

0.01

11(19.3)

46(80.7)

0.02

13(22.8)

44(77.2)

0.01

 SHS/Tertiary

18(33.3)

36(66.7)

 

15(27.8)

39(72.2)

 

22(40.7)

32(59.3)

 

Husband Education

 No formal Education

46(35.4)

84(64.6)

 

45(34.6)

85(65.4)

 

58(44.6)

72(55.4)

 

 Primary/Middle/JHS

6(10.0)

54(90.0)

< 0.001

8(13.3)

52(86.7)

< 0.001

8(13.3)

52(86.7)

< 0.001

 SHS/Tertiary

32(56.1)

25(43.9)

 

32(56.1)

25(43.9)

 

38(66.7)

19(33.3)

 

Occupation of woman

 Farmer

16(38.1)

26(61.9)

 

12(28.6)

99(71.4)

 

15(35.7)

27(64.3)

 

 Trader

48(31.6)

104(68.4)

 

53(34.9)

99(65.1)

 

68(44.7)

84(55.3)

 

 Salary/Service Sector

9(29.0)

22(71.0)

0.8

6(19.4)

25(80.6)

0.3

8(25.8)

23(74.2)

0.1

 Housewife

16(30.8)

36(69.2)

 

19(36.5)

33(63.5)

 

18(34.6)

34(65.4)

 

Occupation of husband

 Farmer

29(33.0)

59(67.0)

 

26(29.5)

62(70.5)

 

33(37.5)

55(62.5)

 

 Salary/Service Sector

21(28.4)

43(71.6)

0.3

21(28.4)

53(71.6)

0.07

27(36.5)

47(63.5)

0.1

 Trader

33(38.8)

52(61.2)

 

37(43.5)

48(56.5)

 

43(50.6)

42(49.4)

 
  1. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation and number (%)
  2. a; Low (<600MET-minuts/week); Moderate (≥600 but < 3000 MET- minutes/week); High (≥3000 MET-minutes/weeks), p-trend (p); Test of trend was conducted using ANOVA with contrast function for continuous variables and χ2 test for categorical variables. P < 0·05 was considered as statistically significant
  3. bGonja, gurusi, zambarama, Moshi, JHS (Junior High School); SHS (Senior High School, g/d: gram per day
  4. cAn ad hoc index of household asset score was computed from basically number of assets possessed from a list of items provided. A score of 1 point was given for an item owned. As for the main source of cooking energy, drinking water and toilet facility, 1 point was given for unimproved source and 2 points awarded for improved sources. The total score range was from 37 to 74 with higher scores suggesting enhanced economic strength. WC Waist circumference, BMI Body Mass Index, WHtR Waist to Height Ratio