Table 1 A summary of 24-h dietary recall questionnaire data in the studied schoolchildren in normal, Pre-HTN, and HTN groups
Food group(s) | Food items (preparation method) | Normal (n = 429) | Pre-HTN (n = 47) | HTN (n = 40) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rconsuming (n)a | MDI (g)b | Energy (cal) | Rconsuming (n)a | MDI (g)b | Energy (cal) | Rconsuming (n)a | MDI (g)b | Energy (cal) | ||
Bread and grains | refined cereals (e.g., cake, white bread, pasta, biscuits, refined grain breakfast cereals, white rice, and pancakes), and whole cereal grains (e.g., wheat, corn, and rice) | 429 | 325 ± 28 | 630 ± 72 | 47 | 318 ± 32 | 603 ± 82 | 40 | 320 ± 41 | 612 ± 35 |
Vegetables | salad vegetables (e.g., broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, mushrooms, bell peppers, carrots, celery, cucumbers, lettuce, peas, spinach and tomatoes), and cooked/fried potatoes | 297 | 214 ± 12 | 138 ± 27 | 32 | 224 ± 22 | 145 ± 41 | 28 | 215 ± 17 | 140 ± 29 |
Fruits | berries (e.g., strawberries, raspberries, blueberries, blackberries, and white and red currants), banana, citrus fruits (e.g., orange, tangrine, kiwi, and limon), apple, and fruit juices | 298 | 337 ± 15 | 196 ± 52 | 32 | 341 ± 21 | 241 ± 27 | 25 | 334 ± 18 | 232 ± 10 |
Milk and dairy products | cow milk, cream, butter, Feta cheese, yogurt, Doogh, and Kashk | 110 | 422 ± 75 | 643 ± 36 | 8 | 412 ± 74 | 654 ± 45 | 10 | 420 ± 45 | 635 ± 33 |
Meat and egg products | red meat (cooked/grilled), poultry meat (cooked/fried), and egg (boiled/pan-fried) | 327 | 167 ± 11 | 240 ± 15 | 37 | 172 ± 13 | 254 ± 26 | 32 | 185 ± 9 | 267 ± 20 |
Seafoods | fried/grilled fish (e.g., salmon, trout and tuna, and carp), and fried shrimp | 112 | 376 ± 28 | 472 ± 51 | 20 | 291 ± 19 | 318 ± 37 | 8 | 252 ± 32 | 248 ± 28 |
Junk foods | salted snacks, fried fast foods, sugary carbonated beverages, gum, candy, and sweet desserts | 164 | 175 ± 8 | 342 ± 14 | 18 | 180 ± 6 | 351 ± 14 | 13 | 154 ± 11 | 302 ± 16 |