Table 6 The effect of other specific food ingredients or nutraceuticals on plasma concentration of small dense low density lipoprotein (LDL), LDL particle number, and LDL particle size
Author, Year | Intervention | Dose per day | Treatment duration | Subjects | Method of assessment | Main outcomes | Final effects of specific diet ingredients or nutraceuticals on LDL (number, size and concentration) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Shimada et al. 2004 [111] | Oolong tea | 1000 ml/day | 4 weeks | 22 patients with coronary artery disease | Gradient gel electrophoresis | A significant increase in plasma LDL particle size levels was observed in oolong tea group compared with baseline (25.02 ± 0.67 nm versus 25.31 ± 0.60 nm) | LDL particle size ↑ |
Araki et al. 2017 [113] | PABR, WR | 400 g | 12 weeks | 42 prediabete, overweight patients | High-performance liquid chromatography with gel permeation columns | Changes in particle numbers of small LDL and very small LDL in the PABR group were − 13.1 ± 61.7 nM and − 9.0 ± 26.8 nM, whereas in the WR group, they were 35.1 ± 60.8 nM and 16.4 ± 32.6 nM | PABR: small LDL ↓ PABR: very small LDL ↓ WR: small LDL ↑ and WR: very small LDL ↑ |
Rizzo et al. 2013 [118] | Chitosan | 125 mg/day | 4 months | 28 patients with hypertriglyceridemia | PAGE | LDL peak particle size and LDL subclasses a mild increased and decreased, respectively but not statistically significant change. | LDL particle size — Small dense LDL — |
Morita et al. 2013 [121] | L-citrulline | 800 mg/day | 8 weeks | 22 patients with flow mediated dilation (FMD) of the brachial artery (<  5.5%) | Quantitative technique for LDL subfractionation using the lipoprint LDL system | No significant effect was observed on sdLDL levels after supplementation with L-citrulline. | Small dense LDL — |
Gentile et al. 2015 [122] | Armolipid Plus® | 1 tablet/day | 4 weeks | 30 patients with familial combined hyperlipidemia | Lipoprint System (electrophoresis of lipid-stained serum) | Armolipid Plus® significantly decreased LDL score (− 28%) compared with baseline and with placebo groups. Mean LDL size significantly increased in Armolipid Plus® groups from baseline (+ 2.7 Å) but between groups were not significant. | Small dense LDL↓ LDL particle size ↑ |