Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants of PURE-NWP-SA included in the present analyses (n = 633)
Total sample | |
|---|---|
Age (y) | 53.0 ± 10.4 |
Men | 240 (37.9) |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.9 ± 6.9 |
Obesity | 143 (22.6) |
Locality (urban) | 325 (51.3) |
Education levela | |
No school or primary | 247 (40.0) |
Secondary or higher | 371 (60.0) |
Smoking statusa | |
Non-smoker | 284 (44.9) |
Past or current smoker | 348 (55.1) |
Physical activitya | |
Low | 5 (0.8) |
Moderate | 265 (43.4) |
High | 341 (55.8) |
Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L) | 4.90 (4.40–5.40) |
HbA1c (%) | 5.60 (5.30–5.90) |
Serum lipids (mmol/L) | |
Total cholesterol | 5.19 ± 1.31 |
LDL cholesterol | 3.03 ± 1.13 |
HDL cholesterol | 1.58 ± 0.64 |
Triglycerides | 1.13 (0.84–1.69) |
Liver enzymes activity (U/L) | |
Gamma-glutamyl transferase | 45.8 (29.7–88.0) |
Alanine transaminase | 17.0 (12.6–24.4) |
Aspartate aminotransferase | 25.0 (18.8–35.0) |
HIV-positivea | 5 (0.8) |
Dietary variables | |
Daily total energy intake (kJ) | 7356 ± 3031 |
Available carbohydrate (en%) | 58.8 ± 9.2 |
Protein (en%) | 12.4 ± 2.3 |
Total fat (en%) | 24.2 ± 8.7 |
Saturated fatty acids (en%) | 5.9 ± 3.0 |
Monounsaturated fatty acids (en%) | 6.4 ± 3.3 |
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (en%) | 7.4 ± 3.2 |
n-3 fatty acids (mg/d)a | 312 (193–474) |
Trans-fatty acids (g/d) | 0.18 (0.07–0.49) |
Dietary cholesterol (mg/d) | 149 (82–251) |
Dietary fiber (g/d) | 20.4 ± 9.2 |
Alcohol consumptionc (g/d) | 0 (0–12.3) |
No | 362 (57.2) |
Light | 128 (20.2) |
Moderate | 43 (6.8) |
High | 100 (15.8) |