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Table 3 Serum concentrations of total cholesterol (TC), LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and triglycerides in the studied groups of rats (mg/dL), average ± standard deviation after 14, 28 and 42 days of different diets/protocols

From: Improvement in serum lipids and liver morphology after supplementation of the diet with fish oil is more evident under regular feeding conditions than under high-fat or mixed diets in rats

  

SD

n3

HFD

HFD + n3

CA1

CA2

TC

initially

87.8 ± 5.43

88.6 ± 6.17

89 ± 5.62

88.4 ± 8.47

88.1 ± 5.82

87.6 ± 5.60

14 days

90.9 ± 6.13

83.9 ± 4.12↓

(a)

111.8 ± 8.35↑↑↑

(b)(b)(b)

97.9 ± 6.45↑

(b)

(−)(−)(−)

97.8 ± 6.64↑

(b)

(−)(−)(−)

114.7 ± 8.62↑↑↑

(b)(b)(b)

28 days

93.375 ± 6.48

82.625 ± 4.89

(a)(a)

137.375 ± 12.73↑↑(b)(b)(b)

100.375 ± 7.61↑

(b)

(−)(−)(−)

111.5 ± 8.67↑↑↑

(b)(b)(b)

(−)

111.75 ± 8.71

(b)(b)(b)

(−)(−)(−)

42 days

94 ± 6.90

81.83 ± 5.91

(a)(a)

151.167 ± 10.09↑↑

(b)(b)(b)

115.667 ± 6.15↑↑

(b)(b)

(−)(−)(−)

103.167 ± 7.68

(−)

110.167 ± 8.06

(b)(b)

(−)(−)(−)

HDL-CT

initially

50.5 ± 4.01

51.6 ± 4.76

50.9 ± 4.98

51.9 ± 4.15

52.7 ± 4.88

49.1 ± 5.67

14 days

49.8 ± 3.85

55.7 ± 5.51↑ (b)

49.7 ± 5.62

52.4 ± 6.82

52.8 ± 7.35

48.8 ± 5.57

28 days

52.625 ± 8.38

61.625 ± 3.89↑ (b)

41.75 ± 6.16↓ (a)

50.375 ± 5.58 (b) (+)

45.875 ± 5.28 (b)(b)

47.625 ± 6.59 (b)(b)

42 days

50.5 ± 6.77

63.83 ± 4.45

(b)(b)

40.33 ± 4.32

(a)

47.83 ± 4.71

(b) (+)

56 ± 3.16↑

(+)(+)(+)

50.67 ± 5.61

(b) (+)(+)

LDL-CT

initially

27.3 ± 4.83

27.2 ± 4.28

26.7 ± 5.83

26.2 ± 7.05

26.4 ± 6.33

25.7 ± 2.83

14 days

28.1 ± 3.10

24.1 ± 3.31↓

(a)

34.4 ± 3.10↑↑↑

(b)(b)(b)

31.2 ± 3.33↑

(b)

(−)

31.2 ± 2.58↑

(b)

(−)

33.8 ± 2.90↑↑↑

(b)(b)(b)

28 days

27 ± 3.55

16.875 ± 5.38↓↓

(a)(a)(a)

45.625 ± 4.90↑↑

(b)(b)(b)

38 ± 4.14↑↑

(b)(b)(b)

(−)(−)

42 ± 4.57↑↑↑

(b)(b)(b)

41.125 ± 2.69↑↑↑

(b)(b)(b)

(−)

42 days

30.83 ± 2.86

13.67 ± 4.13

(a)(a)(a)

57.17 ± 4.96↑↑↑

(b)(b)(b)

49.17 ± 5.85↑

(b)(b)(b)

(−)

36.67 ± 5.28

(b)

(−)(−)(−)

40.33 ± 2.50

(b)(b)(b)

(−)(−)(−)

TG

initially

64.8 ± 8.63

63.5 ± 7.37

65.6 ± 5.95

62.9 ± 3.96

62.7 ± 5.44

66.6 ± 4.43

14 days

66 ± 8.69

57.6 ± 4.09↓

(a)

75.4 ± 5.48↑↑

(b)(b)

70.9 ± 5.30↑↑

71.7 ± 5.62↑↑

75.6 ± 5.67↑↑

(b)(b)

28 days

67 ± 10.4

55.375 ± 6.05

(a)

90.625 ± 6.02↑↑↑

(b)(b)(b)

83.625 ± 6.82↑↑↑

(b)(b)

(−)

86.625 ± 11.67↑↑↑

(b)(b)

85 ± 9.40↑↑

(b)(b)(b)

(−)(−)(−)

42 days

65 ± 10.16

49.33 ± 6.4

(a)(a)

104 ± 7.56↑↑

(b)(b)(b)

91 ± 8.56

(b)(b)(b)

(−)

73 ± 4.52↓

(−)(−)(−)

83.33 ± 7.47

(b)(b)

(−)(−)(−)

  1. Legend:
  2. vs. 2 weeks previously: ↓ - decrease, 0.01 < P < 0.05; ↓↓ - decrease, 0.001 < P < 0.01; ↑ - increase, 0.01 < P < 0.05; ↑↑ - increase, 0.001 < P < 0.01; ↑↑↑ - increase, P < 0.001;
  3. vs. SD group: (a) - decrease, P < 0.05; (a)(a) - decrease, 0.001 < P < 0.01; (a)(a)(a) - decrease, P < 0.001; (b) - increase, P < 0.05; (b)(b) - increase, 0.001 < P < 0.01; (b)(b)(b) - increase, P < 0.001;
  4. For the HFD + n3, CA1, and CA2 groups, the Pvalues vs. the HFD group are shown: (−) - decrease, 0.01 < P < 0.05; (−)(−) - decrease, 0.001 < P < 0.01; (−)(−)(−) - decrease, P < 0.001; (+) - increase, 0.01 < P < 0.05; (+)(+) - increase, 0.001 < P < 0.01; (+)(+)(+) - increase, P < 0.001.