Table 2 Subgroup analysis of circulating FABP4, nesfatin-1, and OC levels in patients with GDM
Subgroups | N | Test of association | Test of heterogeneity | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SMD (95% CI) | z | P | I2(%) | P | ||
FABP4 | ||||||
 Ethnicity | ||||||
  Asian | 15 | 3.45 (2.65 to 4.25) | 8.47 | < 0.01 | 96.40 | < 0.01 |
  Australoid | 1 | 1.52 (0.14 to 2.89) | 2.16 | 0.03 | 96.50 | < 0.01 |
  Caucasian | 3 | 0.71 (0.34 to 1.07) | 3.75 | < 0.01 | NA | NA |
  Combined | 19 | 2.99 (2.28 to 3.69) | 8.32 | < 0.01 | 96.90 | < 0.01 |
 Age(mean,years) | ||||||
   < 30 | 11 | 3.49 (2.50 to 4.47) | 6.94 | < 0.01 | 96.50 | < 0.01 |
   ≥ 30 | 8 | 2.30 (1.37 to 3.23) | 4.84 | < 0.01 | 96.70 | < 0.01 |
  Combined | 19 | 2.99 (2.28 to 3.69) | 8.32 | < 0.01 | 96.90 | < 0.01 |
 BMI(mean,kg/m2) | ||||||
   < 25 | 8 | 2.37 (1.37 to 3.37) | 4.65 | < 0.01 | 96.40 | < 0.01 |
   ≥ 25 | 11 | 3.43 (2.51 to 4.34) | 7.33 | < 0.01 | 96.80 | < 0.01 |
  Combined | 19 | 2.99 (2.28 to 3.69) | 8.32 | < 0.01 | 96.90 | < 0.01 |
 Study type | ||||||
  Case-control | 18 | 3.12 (2.40 to 3.84) | 8.51 | < 0.01 | 96.70 | < 0.01 |
  Cohort | 1 | 0.71 (0.34 to 1.07) | 3.75 | < 0.01 | NA | NA |
  Combined | 19 | 2.99 (2.28 to 3.69) | 8.32 | < 0.01 | 96.90 | < 0.01 |
 ELISA kits | ||||||
  R&D Systems | 11 | 3.73 (2.64 to 4.83) | 6.68 | < 0.01 | 35.60 | 0.26 |
  BioVendor | 2 | 1.39 (−0.62 to 3.40) | 1.35 | 0.18 | 40.50 | 0.38 |
  other kits | 6 | 2.25 (1.27 to 3.23) | 4.51 | < 0.01 | 25.30 | 0.15 |
  Combined | 19 | 2.99 (2.28 to 3.69) | 8.32 | < 0.01 | 96.90 | < 0.01 |
 Diagnostic criteria | ||||||
  IADPSG | 6 | 3.36 (2.03 to 4.68) | 4.98 | < 0.01 | 97.00 | < 0.01 |
  C&C | 1 | 2.41 (2.03 to 2.79) | 12.40 | < 0.01 | NA | NA |
  ADIPS | 2 | 0.54 (0.20 to 0.87) | 3.15 | < 0.01 | 37.20 | 0.21 |
  ADA | 5 | 2.79 (1.78 to 3.80) | 5.40 | < 0.01 | 95.00 | < 0.01 |
  NDDG | 2 | 5.37 (4.48 to 6.26) | 11.86 | < 0.01 | 36.80 | 0.21 |
  ACOG | 3 | 2.99 (0.12 to 5.86) | 2.04 | 0.04 | 97.30 | < 0.01 |
  Combined | 19 | 2.99 (2.28 to 3.69) | 8.32 | < 0.01 | 96.90 | < 0.01 |
 Measurement trimester | ||||||
  Second | 10 | 3.40 (2.43 to 4.38) | 6.88 | < 0.01 | 97.10 | < 0.01 |
  Third | 9 | 2.53 (1.46 to 3.60) | 4.64 | < 0.01 | 96.80 | < 0.01 |
  Combined | 19 | 2.99 (2.28 to 3.69) | 8.32 | < 0.01 | 96.90 | < 0.01 |
Nesfatin-1 | ||||||
 Ethnicity | ||||||
  Asian | 10 | −0.08 (−0.64 to 0.47) | 0.30 | 0.76 | 92.90 | < 0.01 |
  Caucasian | 1 | −0.41 (− 0.68 to − 0.14) | 2.98 | < 0.01 | NA | NA |
  Combined | 11 | −0.11 (− 0.61 to 0.38) | 0.45 | 0.65 | 93.00 | < 0.01 |
 Age(mean,years) | ||||||
   < 30 | 7 | −0.33 (− 0.98 to 0.32) | 1.00 | 0.32 | 92.70 | < 0.01 |
   ≥ 30 | 4 | 0.25 (−0.50 to 1.00) | 0.65 | 0.52 | 92.50 | < 0.01 |
  Combined | 11 | −0.11 (− 0.61 to 0.38) | 0.45 | 0.65 | 93.00 | < 0.01 |
 BMI(mean,kg/m2) | ||||||
   < 25 | 5 | −0.03 (− 0.92 to 0.87) | 0.06 | 0.96 | 94.60 | < 0.01 |
   ≥ 25 | 5 | −0.44 (− 0.63 to − 0.25) | 4.60 | < 0.01 | 0 | 0.66 |
  Combined | 10 | −0.23 (− 0.72 to 0.26) | 0.91 | 0.36 | 91.30 | < 0.01 |
 ELISA kits | ||||||
  Uscn Life Science Inc. | 2 | −0.38 (− 0.83 to 0.06) | 1.66 | 0.10 | 39.30 | 0.19 |
  R&D Systems | 3 | 0.88 (0.68 to 1.09) | 8.47 | < 0.01 | 0 | 0.62 |
  other kits | 6 | −0.54 (−1.14 to 0.05) | 1.79 | 0.07 | 40.30 | 0.25 |
  Combined | 11 | −0.11 (− 0.61 to 0.38) | 0.45 | 0.65 | 93.00 | < 0.01 |
 Diagnostic criteria | ||||||
  ACOG | 1 | −0.15 (− 0.65 to 0.36) | 0.56 | 0.57 | NA | NA |
  ADA | 7 | −0.13 (− 0.88 to 0.62) | 0.34 | 0.74 | 94.40 | < 0.01 |
  C&C | 1 | −0.61 (− 1.09 to − 0.12) | 2.45 | 0.01 | NA | NA |
  IADPSG | 1 | 0.73 (0.32 to 1.13) | 3.51 | < 0.01 | NA | NA |
  WHO | 1 | −0.41 (−0.68 to − 0.14) | 2.98 | < 0.01 | NA | NA |
  Combined | 11 | −0.11(− 0.61 to 0.38) | 0.45 | 0.65 | 93.00 | < 0.01 |
 Measurement trimester | ||||||
  Second | 7 | −0.35 (− 0.97 to 0.26) | 1.13 | 0.26 | 93.00 | < 0.01 |
  Third | 4 | 0.35 (−0.26 to 0.96) | 1.14 | 0.26 | 85.00 | < 0.01 |
  Combined | 11 | −0.11 (− 0.61 to 0.38) | 0.45 | 0.65 | 93.00 | < 0.01 |
OC | ||||||
 Asian | 9 | 0.83 (0.42 to 1.24) | 3.98 | < 0.01 | 88.20 | < 0.01 |
 Austrian | 1 | 0.61 (0.13 to 1.09) | 2.49 | 0.01 | NA | NA |
 Australoid | 2 | 0.04 (−1.10 to 1.18) | 0.07 | 0.95 | 94.80 | < 0.01 |
 Combined | 12 | 0.68 (0.31 to 1.05) | 3.64 | < 0.01 | 89.40 | < 0.01 |
 Age(mean,years) | ||||||
   < 30 | 7 | 0.98 (0.42 to 1.55) | 3.43 | < 0.01 | 90.80 | < 0.01 |
   ≥ 30 | 5 | 0.32 (−0.12 to 0.76) | 1.44 | 0.15 | 85.00 | < 0.01 |
  Combined | 12 | 0.68 (0.31 to 1.05) | 3.64 | < 0.01 | 89.40 | < 0.01 |
 BMI(mean,kg/m2) | ||||||
   < 25 | 4 | 0.55 (0.37 to 0.73) | 5.94 | < 0.01 | 0 | 0.86 |
   ≥ 25 | 8 | 0.80 (0.19 to 1.40) | 2.60 | < 0.01 | 93.20 | < 0.01 |
  Combined | 12 | 0.68 (0.31 to 1.05) | 3.64 | < 0.01 | 89.40 | < 0.01 |
 Measurement type | ||||||
  ELISA | 6 | 1.04 (0.33 to 1.75) | 2.86 | < 0.01 | 92.50 | 0 |
  IRMA | 1 | −0.54 (− 0.90 to − 0.18) | 2.90 | < 0.01 | NA | NA |
  ECLIA | 5 | 0.60 (0.44 to 0.76) | 7.29 | < 0.01 | 0 | 0.91 |
  Combined | 12 | 0.68 (0.31 to 1.05) | 3.64 | < 0.01 | 89.40 | < 0.01 |
 Different forms of OC | ||||||
  ucOC | 4 | 0.50 (0.29 to 0.71) | 4.75 | < 0.01 | 0 | 0.41 |
  tOC | 8 | 0.82 (0.27 to 1.37) | 2.91 | < 0.01 | 93.00 | < 0.01 |
  Combined | 12 | 0.68 (0.31 to 1.05) | 3.64 | < 0.01 | 89.40 | < 0.01 |
 Measurement trimester | ||||||
  Second | 4 | 0.64 (0.46 to 0.82) | 6.91 | < 0.01 | 0 | 0.99 |
  Third | 8 | 0.75 (0.17 to 1.34) | 2.51 | < 0.01 | 93.00 | < 0.01 |
  Combined | 12 | 0.68 (0.31 to 1.05) | 3.64 | < 0.01 | 89.40 | < 0.01 |